High school Essay

We could say that an educated person is like a piece of artwork, it is open to the interpretation of the viewer. Just like every art work critique has their own opinion about an artwork, everyone has their own different interpretations of what an educated person is. One thing is clear though, in order to be a successful person in life, you do not need money, as well as in order to be an educated person, you do not need a college diploma. What you are willing to give up in order to become your best person depends on how much you truly want to accomplish that goal. Not everyone knows right away what they have a passion for. One has to explore new activities and only then will they be able to decide for themselves. Everyone expresses their opinion, and in my thought an educated person is the willing to put in time like Gladwell explains, claims their learning rights like Rich exercises, applies critical thinking and reasoning to work towards a success like Wagner emphasizes and lastly does not fall victim to adversity like my father focuses attention on. An educated person should always be willing to put in time. This means that they are willing to give up what they want now, for what they want most. For example, in Gladwell, Schoenfeld the math professor experimented with a young girl Renee, which took her approximately twenty-two minutes to figure the slope of a vertical line. â€Å"This is eight-grade mathematics†¦ If I put the average eighth grader in the same position as Renee, I’m guessing that after the first few attempts, they would have said, ‘I don’t get it. I need you to explain it. ’ (Gladwell 2008, pp. 245). † What Schoenfeld proved with this experiment was the willingness of Renee to continue the math problem. Of course, compared to the eighth grader, Renee had more self-discipline and wanted to continue on going until she was able to solve it. An educated person should be willing to put in time and work towards their goal. It will not be easy or given to the person, there is a lot of time and energy put to having what one wants. Another idea Gladwell explains is the amount of time one is willing to put in and how that makes one an expert. â€Å"Researchers have settled on what they believe is the magic number for true expertise: 10,000 hours† (Gladwell 2008, pp.40). Gladwell’s idea of hard work and dedication to whatever it is that you want to become an expert at takes at least 10,000 hours. I agree with him, but only to a certain point. It is true that in order to become someone well knowledgeable on a certain activity or topic one must practice and put in time. I do not necessarily agree that 10,000 hours should be the exact number for â€Å"true expertise† as Gladwell calls it, but it definitely should not be a few hours. For example, ideally doctors should be one of the most specialized fields. They are ones performing their knowledge on people and I honestly would not want a doctor that has gotten a few hours of practice to do anything to me, because there is more of a chance that they are not as experienced as someone else that has been working for decades as a doctor. An educated person should be willing to put in time to practice which is what makes someone good at their specialization. Rich’s idea of â€Å"claiming an education† also applies within our pursuit to defining an educated person. Rich explains that a student should not think about education as â€Å"receiving it†, but to be thought of as â€Å"claiming it† (Rich 1979 pp.365). Rich explains that claiming an education is taking as if one were the owner. I agree with Rich, students should have the mentality of taking the education being given to them. There is a difference between claiming what is rightfully yours, and taking what if rightfully yours. One difference is that when you claim something, you are putting in effort to learning what is being taught. For example, a student that goes to class and learns whatever the lesson was for that day, would in my terms be called receiving. On the other hand, if that same student were to go to the instructor’s office hours and basically use the resources that there are around campus, that would be claiming. The mere difference of going one step above the other makes the difference between the two. Rich also backs this idea of claiming, with the simple act of participating in class, becoming more engaged in class and the teacher’s professional life. This idea of claiming an education is not limited to those in school, because not every educated person goes to college, or needs a college degree. It is helpful in order to have something to fall back upon. One way we can connect the idea of claiming an education without going to school, could be my father’s story. His decision of dropping out of high school did not stop him from doing what he wanted to do. He claimed his rights to learning about how to create his own company and becoming a successful entrepreneur, without having a business college degree. Claiming your rights as a human being over all is what counts. Anyone should be able to express their passion for something. In my father’s case, he first started by working at a small local shop as a cashier, but he found himself not doing what he loved, â€Å"I loved helping people, make their houses bigger or just fixing their house up for them. † (Gomez 2014). My father eventually stopped receiving, and started claiming. An educated person is one who does not receive, but one that claims and demands their ability to practice their passion. Give a child a list of three words with a definition to each, allow them to memorize it and few minutes later, they can regurgitate it back to you. As an education major, it is easy to go a whole year teaching children a certain vocabulary words, or teaching them how to solve a math problem, but explaining why the answer is the answer, is a lot more difficult. Wagner explains that many students lack â€Å"intellectual challenges† (Wagner 2008, pp. xxv). A class lacking intellectual challenge for students can cause a downfall in the future. Providing students with more rigorous work and questioning their solutions, prevents them from finding lessons uninteresting and eventually leading them to want to drop the course, or worse yet, want to drop out of school. For example in history class, one has to remember specific dates, but also know why several of these specific events happened or what lead to it. I was one of them. Rarely do students remember what lead to wars, or life historically changing events, like the great depression because they are just taught either to memorize the dates or they find it easier to only remember the dates and names of important historical figures. The same concept can be applied to mathematics, where one has to know how to solve the problem, but does not always know why a certain formula was used or why it only works with that certain problem. According to Wagner, knowing the answer is not sufficient, one must know and be able to critically think about the end result. Therefore, an educated person should be willing to not only claim their education, but also be able to apply more critical thinking and reasoning. Which by later exercising that through practicing and preparing, one can accomplish their goals. Lastly, I interviewed my father, because he is the first man I have ever admired. He was able to successfully carry out a career that he did not go to college for. Matter of fact, he never went to college, and only completed a few years of high school. Through my interview with him, he allowed me to truly appreciate and admire him a lot more. One main adversity he got through was coming in to the United States, he believes that without coming to the United States his success would not have been possible. â€Å"Coming from a huge family, having 8 brothers and 7 sisters you did not always get what you wanted† (Gomez 2014). My father further explained that he was always having to share his things and he never had the opportunities that I have today. â€Å"I had to run a whole mile in order to get to class, there were no buses, because we lived in the country, and I had to run to the city every morning to get to school† (Gomez 2014). My father continues with his story, â€Å"every morning we all had to do chores, mine were taking care of the farm animals. I would milk the cows every morning and since I had to do my morning chores before school, sometimes I ran late and I had to go to school smelling like farm animals and sweat† (Gomez 2014). The dedication put into working back then is not the same today. For everything there is always an excuse made up. I myself have made many excuses, but it takes an educated person to not make excuses. He could have easily said I am not walking a mile to go to school, but he was determined. My father did not drop out of school because he was failing his classes. At age 18 he became an innocent victim in a shooting, in which he was shot in the stomach and had missed a big portion of his senior year. He was months away from graduating, but he never was able to complete his missed classes due to the lack of support from his teachers, he explained. He after started his own family and came to the United States when I was born. â€Å"You are the luckiest one of everyone in the family† he told me, â€Å"your sisters do not have the opportunity that you have and an educated person is one who can make the best situation out of a tough one† (Gomez 2014). Without doubt, my father was able to create a self-made company. He was the only one of his 15 siblings to become an entrepreneur, and today in my eyes he is the most successful. An educated person would ideally be my own father, who was willing to put in time to learn about his passion, claim his rights as a United States resident and created his own business, and lastly he did fall victim to adversity. An educated person and a successful person go hand in hand, but the definitions are endless, and open to many interpretations, but what makes either person educated or successful, depends on what they are willing to give up in order to become their best person. An educated person is one who no matter what is willing to put in time in order to be called an expert at his passion. Someone who rightfully claims the ability to carry out their love for their passion and lastly, someone who does not fall victim to adversity. ? Bibliography Gladwell, Malcolm. â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule† in Outliers, 34-68. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2008. Gladwell, Malcolm. â€Å"Rice Paddies and Math Tests† in Outliers, 224-249. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2008. Gustavo Gomez, interview by Alondra Gomez, April 28, 2014. Rich, Adrienne. â€Å"Claiming and Education† in On Lies, Secrets and Silence, 365-369. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1979. Wagner, Tony. The Global Achievement Gap, intro xix-xxviii. New York: Basic Books, 2008.

Miguel Street Essay

Discuss the representation of man and manhood in the 2 short stories of Miguel Street. On Miguel Street, the representation of man and manhood can be seen negatively in these two short stories† â€Å"Bogart† and â€Å"A thing without a name†. Where as a man’s manhood is considered strong if certain characteristics such as aggression, evading the law and their present living circumstances. The story about Bogart illustrates where his manhood being threaten where as Bogart is unable to father a child by his Tunapuna wife so he finds a means to escape this difficulty. He goes elsewhere, run a â€Å"high-class† brothel, meets another woman and successfully impregnates. Once he has achieved his goal of proving his virility, he may return to Miguel Street although he returns as a bigamist as Hat would say â€Å"To be a man, among we man†. He would now be seen as a high standing man of the community, playing with the surrounding children and giving them parties, which is a vastly different from the life he once had by pretending to be a tailor but now is seen The main character in â€Å"A thing without a name â€Å" Popo is a carpenter by profession but he is not considered a man among his peers as his wife was the main breadwinner of the family which did not bothered him as he would continue to make â€Å"a thing without a name†. This however changed when Popo wife left him for another man, it is then that he was accepted as â€Å"one of the gang â€Å"within Miguel Street, as they could related to his pain and heart ache. His man hood was however bruised by the separation of his wife , so he would then retaliate by fighting the other man and going to prison, which eventually made him an hero on Miguel street.

Sentence Variety (Portfolio 6) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sentence Variety (Portfolio 6) - Essay Example e. More quickly than expected, the economy may recover if home values climb. 1. Looking wearily into the cameras of US government photographers, the Dust Bowl farmers represented the harshest effects of the Great Depression. 2. The Trans Alaska Pipeline was completed in 1977 and sine then it has moved more than fifteen billion barrels of oil. 3. Habitually, Mr. Guo dresses in loose clothing and canvas shoes for his wushu workout. 4. Throughout a firefighter training maze, a number of obstacles are strategically placed. 5. Ian McKellen is a British actor who made his debut in 1961. He was knighted in 1991. He played Gandalf in the movie trilogy The Lord of the Rings. S7-2 Requiring patience and precision, making architectural models is a skill and an art that illuminates a design. Architects come up with a grand and intricate vision and draftspersons convert that vision into blueprints. Following the blueprints, the model maker then builds a miniature version of the structure. Working in traditional materials like wood, clay and paint, modelers also use newer materials like Styrofoam and liquid polymers. Modelers also still use cardboard, paper and glue, and some prefer glue guns, deformable plastic, and thin aluminum and brass wire. In the early stages of model building, the modeler may seem to be making a small mess but in the end, has completed a small-scale structure. Architect Rem Koolhaas has insisted that plans reveal the logic of a design, arguing that models expose the architect's vision. Art designed by the model maker makes this vision real. My Favorite Past time Soaking up the sun, laying poolside and lathered up in suntan oil, one of my favorite past times happens every summer. Though I wish I could visit water parks all year long, there is a few set months out of the year for me to partake in the splashing of water, enjoying the warmth of the day's weather. As a young child, I can recall visiting a water park every now and then with my parents or o ftentimes, my friends and their parents. Today, it still takes me back to simpler days of leaving all cares behind me and just enjoying some rest and relaxation. Now that I am older, I get somewhat annoyed by the young screaming children as I hope to just enjoy my peace and warmth. However, I realize that I too was once one of those giddy squealing children, excited by the mist of the water sprinkling umbrellas among other features of the water park. I can recall the long slides and the anxiousness I had when I climbed into the enclosed tube slide, sliding downward awaiting the huge splash on the other end. I remember chasing the other kids while the lifeguards yelled, â€Å"Stop running!† I remember the fearless feeling I had when I first took the climb up those never-ending steps of the ladder to the top of the high dive, knowing I could not back out without looking like a chicken. Back then, it was exciting and a place of a child's bliss. Today, it has a different meaning. Now, when I visit water parks, I hate to be the big 'ol kid that still is anxiously awaiting my turn on the slide. However, I do it anyway. I like the wave pool still because, thought I no longer splash through it shrieking, I can sit on the water's edge and stay cool while working on my tan. I no longer run giddy underneath the sprinkling umbrella, screaming at the top of my lungs but instead laugh at the young ones that will someday look back and cherish memories similar to the ones I do now. I actually want

A Report from a meeting on the 4see model Essay

A Report from a meeting on the 4see model - Essay Example Representatives present †¢ Simon Roberts-Director Foresight Innovation and Incubation Group, Arup. †¢ Nigel Goddard a Director in School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh †¢ Colin Axon - A Senior Researcher at School of Engineering and Design in Brunel University, Uxbridge, †¢ Barney Foran - Institute of Land Water and Society, Charles Strut University †¢ Benjamin Warr-Director of Environmental Services and Senior Environmental Scientist, GeoQuest Ltd, Modeling paradigm Mr. Goddard took the attendees through the modeling paradigm of the 4see model. He informed members that it differs from other macroeconomic modeling methods. It expresses constraints between components of the macro economy as equations which describe how they affect each other, and then uses iterative time-stepped simulation to evolve the model of the system forward in time. A key principle in 4see modeling is handling of distinctly different classes of flows. The full 4see- GB mo del of the UK economy includes ten distinct flows which are distinguished by having differing characteristics and being non-substitutable to each other in the short term. (Roberts) Modeling principles Mr. Goddard further went on to explain that the approach to creating the model follows a simple principle: that supply follows demand but is constrained in the short term by physical infrastructure or the inputs needed for output. There were concerns on the deterministic approach and corrective approach. Mr. Goddard went on to say that deterministic approach controls the need for inputs. Where as reconciliation between demands on the right and supply of the distinct separate flows is by the corrective approach. Finally, most of the final demand in the model is...The 4see model also identified process flows. The variables of major interest, such as flows of goods and services, were not modeled as stocks and flows in the system dynamics sense, but were assumed to be consumed in the same time-period in which they were produced - there is no modeling of inventory. In system dynamics terms, they we considered being auxiliary variables. The identified fixed capital stocks in the economy with the system dynamics stock concept. This was a reflection of the categorical difference in 4seemodels between fixed capital stocks and other types of stocks such as inventories.(Roberts).We presented a macro-economic modeling framework based on deterministic and corrective approaches that enabled us to reproduce the historical data with a small number of exogenous parameters. The model was grounded in standard national macroeconomic data that conformed to international conventions of data-holding and duration.

Ethics Final Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics Final - Term Paper Example Throughout the 9 years of service, we have believed and continue to believe in trust, integrity and honesty in our professional job setting and this has been the firm’s cornerstone up to this level. We stand for the laws of the United States and other global countries in which our firm operates and we strive to do legitimate business and have learnt to be accountable for every action or decision taken. In our firm, we make every effort to excel in everything that we do say. For instance, securing supplies in the most ethical ways and ensuring that we offer the best quality products within the industry. We even take on the most challenging tasks and ensure that we do not stop until the job is well done. We are always dedicated to our services and approach each day strongly and with much energy and excitement. We always strive in being different and unique from the rest in terms of providing products and offering our services. We hold on to the highest standards of ethics in ter ms of how we relate to our suppliers, customers, competitors, fellow employees and other relevant stakeholders. The firm’s success depends on confidence and trust that we earn from the customers, employees as well as our shareholders. As management, we adhere to our objectives, vision and mission, and commitments through showing honesty and integrity to all parties when conducting business and ensure that our goals are reached solely through good and ethical conduct and this has increased our credibility in the market (Trevino & Weaver, 154). The culture of an ethically conducted business is defined from the top management and trickles down to the rest of the organizational chart. For any business to be ethical, the top management must first demonstrate ethical standards in everything that they do including decision making, dealing with employees among other

Disaster related risk management practices in IHG Essay

Disaster related risk management practices in IHG - Essay Example Risk management in this context can be stated as an ongoing process which sustains throughout organizational life cycle. With these considerations, the essay discusses disaster risk management practices in an organization namely InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) in Japan. Disaster usually follows natural threats and its severity depends on the level of impact on the organization. On the other hand, the level of impact is subjected to the choices made by organizations (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, â€Å"Risk Management Plan†). THESIS STATEMENT The essay is based on understanding the disaster related risk management practices in IHG which faced losses due to recent earthquake in Japan, in the year 2011. The objective of the study is to discuss the event along with its consequence on the risk management activities of IHG. Furthermore, it also describes the learning gained from the incident. BUSINESS OF THE ORGANISATION IHG is a British hospitality organization and is also considered as one of the biggest hotel brands in the world. IHG operates in excess of nine hotels under its name and its business strategies concentrate on driving the demand of the brand. IHG operates the business in three different ways namely franchising, joint venture and ownership. Franchising is the biggest part of the business of IHG, however, it also uses the bricks and mortar model of business (InterContinental Hotels Group, â€Å"Overview†). ... This natural disaster had created a drastic impact on the performance of IHG. Its ANA Holiday Inn, which is situated in Sendai, had to be closed down for new reservation. The organization also became vulnerable in terms of safety of its people and guests due to the disaster. Furthermore, the property of ANA Holiday Inn which was situated in the close proximity to Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant also faced the risk of disruption. The share price of the organization also fell drastically after the incident occurred in Japan (Telegraph Media Group Limited, â€Å"Japan Earthquake: The Companies Most Affected by the Disaster†). RISK MANAGEMENT IN IHG IHG has an established international risk management procedure and outline which is entrenched in every operation and activity of the organization. The objectives of risk management of IHG are to create a vigorous, reactive and strong procedure along with a successful, respected and liable business over the long run. With respect to ri sk management, the key objective of the organization is to recognize and manage risks, in line with the strategic objectives and long-term value of the business (InterContinental Hotels Group PLC, â€Å"Corporate Risk Management†). Risk Screening The risk management process is characterized by risk screening procedure which determines the risk severity and frequency. According to risk severity and frequency, risks can be separated into minor risks which do not necessitate much management attention and significant risks which require considerable management attention. There are two types of risks an organization can face such as internal risks and external risks. Internal risks comprise management, cost and cash flow related risks. On the other hand, external risks are usually related with

Drug Court System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drug Court System - Essay Example Hence, the introduction of various criminal justice programs to achieve this goal (James Ernest Lessenger, 2007, p. 126). The program we focus on is the Drug court system. Drug courts can be described as judicially monitored court dockets, whose aim is to handle cases involving non-violent substance abuse offenders under the juvenile, adult, tribal and family justice systems. These courts operate under a unique model where the defense, prosecution, law enforcement, social service, probation and the judiciary work as one to assist offenders recover and become valuable citizens. Drug courts were formed in 1989 when Miami-Dade County officials formulated a thorough, community based, rehabilitation, treatment, and supervisory program for drug defendants who were non-violent, to deal with increasing recidivism rates. These exceptional courts were established to incorporate treatment of drug problems into America’s criminal justice system, handling offenders with drug abuse history for their addiction, and at the same time ensuring supervision, and sanctions where necessary, from these courts (O’Hear, 2009, p. 105). The need for these courts in sentencing drug offenders arose from the dawning reality that America’s method in combating drug abuse by law enforcement strategies continued to cause a significant challenge for the country’s criminal court system. Drug related crime has continuously been an enormous burden for the American society, one whereby supply reduction techniques have unsuccessfully eliminated. Since 1989, these courts have scattered throughout America, and their movement has reflected the desire to change the focus from attempting to address drug crimes by cutting off their supply, to combating drug demand through addiction treatment. Drug courts have used criminal justice system to combat drug addictions by an integrated set of legal and social services instead of dependence on sanctions through probation or incarcerati on (O’Hear, 2009, p. 128). Drug courts have achieved success, the principal one being recidivism reduction when offenders are in the program and after. Drug courts are centered on close monitoring of offenders, with increased drug testing. These courts generate savings due to reduced prison time, reduce criminal justice expenses and reduce criminality. Offenders who have passed through this program have reduced recidivism rates than those who have not. Drug courts have demonstrated the feasibility of hiring a team based, problem solving strategy to adjudicating drug offenders in a manner that improves public safety, and criminal behavior is also reduced tremendously when offenders participate in this program (David W. Neubauer, 2010, p. 284). Several components describe the operational procedure of Drug courts, but with variation on the population of the defendant background and legal issues. In their legal framework, there are two Drug court models; post adjudication program s and deferred prosecution programs. In deferred prosecution, defendants who meet particular qualification requirements are directed towards Drug court system before pleading to a particular charge. They are expected not to plead guilty, and the ones who complete the program are not prosecuted any further, but failure to finish the program leads to prosecution. In post adjudication, defendants are supposed to plead guilty, but their

Course Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Course Work - Essay Example extremely important for several industries’ and as they have a huge amount of critical and sensitive information which is valuable to the organization and its stakeholders and the information is such that it can be easily manipulated or tampered with. While organizations have a reactive approach to such systems, that is they recognize the need for such systems only after they have incurred a loss of valuable information, smarter companies use a proactive approach and develop systems before hand to mitigate the damage that the company faces due to loss and corruption of such data. (Maybelline , 2010) For an organization to ensure that its objectives become a driver for its survival and profitability information is of paramount importance. It is the fundamental requirement and a business deeply depends on knowledge and information no matter how big or small a company is or what its information requirements are, all information or raw data lies in the organizations computer system which is highly prune to being violated and misused if proper security measures are not adopted. (Gabrielson,1994) For Example an Insurance Company’s can improve the quality of the products it provide to its customer if they have in depth information on the customer base that they are serving to. The more knowledgeable they are about an organization, the easier it will be for them to provide products that satisfy consumer needs. Information like the number of children within each household that the insurance company caters to can provide them with an idea to come up with insurances for college students, or savings funds for young children. The information that Insurance companies have is vital to their profitability. They hold important information such as social security numbers and other information of their customers which need to protect against infiltration and corruption as any leakages in such data can cause damage to the company’s reputation. We will discuss the case BIC

Growth and Business Cycles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Growth and Business Cycles - Essay Example With inventory control, we are speaking about the promising factor that inventories do propagate and amplify other fluctuations. On the other hand, on the discussion of growth of services, we are instead speaking in regards to the significant fact that the decline of manufacturing and the rise of services should be helping to reduce volatility, this being mainly because the demand for services is usually more stable than demand for manufacturers. The factor of better governments is highly relevant to this positive point of view as well, in that most central banks have learned to manage the economy so well that "it is sometimes argued, that they have more or less abolished the cycle." (The Economist, London, Oct 23, 1999, Anonymous). Globalization is another crucial factor, and at least at first sense seems to make perfect sense and fit properly into the optimist's point of view. This is because increasing integration with the global economy reduces the dependence of the American economy on certain domestic demand, and "it also opens new channels of supply, reducing inflationary pressures on costs and wages." (The Economist, London, Oct 23, 1999, Anonymous). However, even with an optimistic p

FOOD AND BIVERAGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FOOD AND BIVERAGE - Essay Example In order to cut-down costs and gain significant revenue, companies in the hospitality industry prioritized research-based branding strategies, to their specific target group in order to acquire corporate identity and quality service (Morgan, Pritchard and Pride). Distinguishing their brand image and differentiation of their product became of primary importance for all hospitality firms (hotels, restaurants etc). In the recent years, many international hotel firms have turned to a major branding strategy called co-branding. In this concept an existing restaurant is incorporated within a hotel, a practice considered to have been started by Victor Bergen during the 1930’s, establishing fast food outlets in hotels on the highway which had a customer base of American families travelling away from home. The incorporation of this model to the modern hotel industry has been observed to change dramatically both consumer attitude and hotel management (Rutherford). This review plans to a nalyze the current position of strategic co-branding in the hospitality sector and how the tourism industry could be benefited. Furthermore, possible problems are discussed and recommendations to potential managers wanting to employ strategic co-branding techniques are given. 2. Co-branding definition While co-branding doesn’t have a single definition, it generally involves the strategic alliance of at least two firms (Knowles, Diamantis and El-Mourhabi). It has also been described as â€Å"a form of cooperation between two or more brands with significant customer recognition, in which all the participants’ brand names are retained† (Blackett, Boad and Interbrand). Furthermore, Hilyer (Hillyer and Tikoo) explains the definition of co-brading when a product features more than one brand name. Among all these definitions, some common characteristics can be identified. The fundamental part in co-branding is the requirement of two or more brands that are widely recog nised while the brand name is kept intact and the duration of the whole project varies between medium to long (Kippenberger). Therefore, co-branding can be interpreted into reality in two manners: either joining two brand names together in forming a new or unique product or having two recognised brands under the same space, such as T.G.I Fridays within Holiday Inn hotel (Hahm and Khan). 3. Notable examples of Co-branding Based on the model used in the early 1930’s, with Bergen’s restaurants and hotels, the hotel industry began to employ co-branding strategies when it was faced with unprofitable sales. Today a large variety of hotels and restaurants use co-branding as a means of enhancing distribution of products or services together with increasing the range of their customer base, helping them to reach maximum profitability (Boone). Marriot Hotels is considered on of the pioneers of the chain hotels to be the first to implement an internationally recognised brand such as Pizza Hut in 1989 (Boone; Kippenberger). Following their example, the co-branding of TGI Fridays within Holiday Inn hotels turned out to be a financial success. After the conversion of the Pennsylvania Holiday Inn restaurant to TGI Friday’s, the increase from $450,000 to $4 million within the first year only

Edith Whartons Souls Belated Essay Example for Free

Edith Whartons Souls Belated Essay Point of view always influences the way readers perceive events. In literature, the point of view the author chooses not only affects the way readers perceive and interpret events, but it also determines, to some extent, what the readers can actually see. That is, point of view guides the way readers interpret events and draw conclusions by limiting or illuminating the amount and nature of the information from which conclusions can be drawn. In Souls Belated, Edith Wharton uses point of view to illuminate the thoughts of each character individually, while concealing the thoughts of the other, and eventually to highlight the vastly different mindsets of both characters involved. Wharton first does this by revealing Lydias thoughts to the readers while hiding Gannetts. At the exposition, the story is told in third person, from Lydias point of view. This technique allows readers to see directly into Lydias mind. To know what Gannet is thinking, however, they must accept Lydias version of his thoughts: He was thinking of it now, just as she was; they had been thinking about it in unison ever since they had entered the train (673). Since readers have no direct insight into Gannetts brain, they have no way to know what he is really thinking, but neither do they have, as yet, any substantial reason to doubt Lydias interpretation of events. The third-person-limited point of view is particularly effective because it allows readers to view Lydias thoughts, opinions, and interpretations as facts. If Wharton had chosen to tell the story in first person, from Lydias point of view, the narrative would be clearly subjective. Readers would be aware of the limitations of a first person narrator. Consequently, they would have plenty of incentive to question the accuracy of Lydias perception. On the other hand, if the narrator were omniscient, it would describe Gannetts thoughts as well as Lydias and thereby remove all questions in this matter. The actual third person narrator seems removed enough from the action to appear to be an impartial observer; this inclines readers to accept the narrators statements as facts. That the point of view is limited, however, also leaves in question whether Lydias view of Gannett is correct, whether readers should accept it at face value; this is what  creates the subtle suspense of the story. Wharton builds on this suspense by suggesting that Lydia does know Gannett well enough to know his mind, or, at least, that Lydia thinks she knows Gannett well enough to know: now that he and she were alone she knew exactly what was passing through his mind; she could almost hear him asking himself what he should say to her (673). This not only further inclines readers to accept Lydias interpretation of Gannetts thoughts and emotions, but it also encourages them to be sympathetic to her. Lydia knows what Gannett is thinking, and she dreads it. Since readers know Lydias mind but not Gannetts, they cannot help but see the situation through her eyes. In order to see properly through Lydias eyes, in order to know why she dreads Gannett inevitably speaking to her, readers need to have some sense of her personality. The point of view helps accomplish this as well; it allows readers to extract information about Lydias personality from her reactions to her own memories. For example, when Lydia remembers her ex-husband and her reasons for leaving him, [she] had preferred to think that Tillotson had himself embodied all her reasons for leaving him. Yet she had not left him till she met Gannett (673). From this, readers know that Lydia, at the beginning at least, is not self-secure enough to have left her husband to be on her own. She could not turn from him without having someone else to turn to. However, this discovery had not been agreeable to her self-esteem (673), indicating that not only is Lydia aware of her own insecurity but also that it is something which bothers her. Lydia wants to think of herself as an independent woman but so far has not been as wholly independent as she would like to be. Once readers understand this part of Lydias personality, they are better prepared to understand why Lydia struggles against dependency. Specifically, she struggles against marrying Gannett because she views it as a particularly tempting form of dependency. Lydia fears that by marrying Gannett, she will lose whatever sense of self she has developed since leaving her husband; similarly, she worries that Gannett will lose his sense of self in marrying her. To look upon him as the instrument of her  liberation; to resist herself in the least tendency to a wifely taking possession of his future; had seemed to Lydia the one way of maintaining the dignity of their relation (675). At the same time, however, she realizes that this view of their relationship is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain: she was aware of a growing inability to keep her thoughts fixed on the essential point the point of parting with Gannett (675). Through what the narrator says and does not say about their relationship, readers can infer that Lydia is growing dependent on Gannett but is still trying to fight against it. The insight Wharton gives readers into Lydias personality contrasts sharply with how little they know of Gannett. Because of the narrators limited point of view, readers know only as much about Gannett as Lydia knows. Readers know what Gannett says and what he does, as well as what Lydia presumes he thinks, but they have no way to observe Gannetts thoughts for themselves. Even at one point where the narrative seems to shift to a more omniscient point of view, the narrator can only say, He looked at her hopelessly. Nothing is more perplexing to man than the mental process of a woman who reasons her emotions (678). The narrative still does not describe exactly what Gannett is thinking; it only describes Gannetts action, then makes a general statement which may or may not apply to Gannett specifically. Readers have no way of knowing whether Gannett actually thinks this statement or not; for all they know, it could be what Lydia is thinking, what she presumes about Gannetts state of mind. Not only does this point of view technique make the readers want to know what Gannett is thinking, but it also binds them emotionally to Lydia. They want to know what Gannett is thinking as badly as she does. After building up sufficient desire, Wharton finally satisfies the readers curiosity by shifting the point of view to allow them access to Gannetts thoughts. This shift also corresponds with an important twist in the plot; it comes at the beginning of their last conversation in the hotel room, just before Lydia suggests to Gannett that the only was to resolve their relationship is for her to leave him. Gannett threw away his cigarette; the sound of her voice made him want to see her face (685). Limited though it  is, this is the first time readers can witness Gannetts thoughts directly. Throughout the conversation, the shift intensifies. She sank again on the sofa, hiding her face in her hands. Gannett stood above her perplexedly; he felt as though she were being swept away by some implacable current while he stood helpless on its bank (688). Now, the roles are reversed: readers can know Gannetts emotional state from what the narrator tells them, but they must divine Lydias from he r words and actions. That this point of view shift comes before Lydias suggestion to leave Gannett is important because it brings with it a tone shift. When the readers can see Gannetts desires and emotions, they begin to feel sympathy for him. Now they can see the events through his eyes, too. Conversely, when the narrative distances itself from Lydias thoughts, it distances the readers from Lydia as well. While this distance does not necessarily cancel out any sympathy the readers have for Lydia, their sympathy for her does not overpower their sympathy for Gannett. Indeed, it is because of this newfound sympathy that Lydias, My leaving you, (689) does not seem to the readers like a desirable outcome. Since they now sympathize with both characters, they do not like anything that would cause either one of them pain. An act that would cause both characters pain would be doubly bad. Wharton continues this sympathy for Gannett by telling the last section of the story, where Lydia actually tries to leave him, from his point of view. Wharton also uses this point of view to answer many of Lydias, and therefore the readers, questions. For instance, the readers now get to see how Gannett views marriage, particularly marriage to Lydia. Even had his love lessened, he was now bound to her by a hundred ties of pity and self-reproach; and she, poor child! must turn back to hum as Latude returned to his cell (690). Gannett feels responsible for Lydia as well as bound to her; he possibly even feels somewhat fatherly toward her, as if she was a child who he had an obligation to look after. These are all attitudes opposed to Lydias pride and desire for independence. As Gannett watches Lydia walk away from the hotel, his thoughts continue: If any thought emerged from the tumult of his sensations, it was that he must let her go if she wished it. He had spoken last night of his rights: what were they? At the last issue, he and she were two separate beings, not made one by the miracle of common forbearances, duties, abnegations, but bound together in a noyade of passion that left them resisting yet clinging as they went down. (690) From this statement, readers know Gannetts true attitude toward marriage, that it is a spiritual joining that would give him some sort of right to Lydia. Not only is Gannetts opinion of marriage contrary to Lydias opinion of it, but it also conflicts with what Lydia believes Gannetts opinion to be. Their isolated points of view heighten the contrast between Gannetts and Lydias feelings toward marriage. This separation reminds the readers that although they can see into both Lydias and Gannetts minds, there is no way for either character to know what the other is thinking. Each character is completely cut off from the other; the only way they have to intuit thoughts is for them to interpret the words and actions of the other, just as readers must do, in turn, for each character. The isolation that lets the readers see this limitation is the same isolation that hides, ironically, the limitation from both characters. Lydia, for example, felt she knew exactly what was passing through his mind (673), even though it is her uncertainty that makes what Gannett is thinking so nervewracking for her. In the same way, Gannett later feels that Lydia is walking into a world where no one would understand her no one would pity her and he, who did both, was powerless to come to her aid (690). If Gannett truly understood and pitied Lydia, he would have understood that she is too independent to want is pity. But perhaps the most telling point of view shift comes at the end of the story, where Wharton retreats into an omniscient, objectively descriptive narrator. As Gannett watches Lydia leave the boat and come back to the hotel, back to him, [he] sat down beside a table; a Bradshaw lay at his elbow, and mechanically, without knowing what he did, he began looking out  the trains to Paris (691). The distance of the point of view echoes Gannetts distance from his own emotions. He acts mechanically, not knowing what he is doing because he does not know what he is feeling. Indeed, the distance of the narrative reflects the net numbness of the conflicting emotions that Lydia and Gannett are both feeling. Each must resign himself to marrying the one he loves.

Wireless Technologies Paper Essay Example for Free

Wireless Technologies Paper Essay Party Plates Company has come to the conclusion that there is a need for a new proposal for wireless technology. Our goal is to meet goals in technology advancement and to be up to date with our consumers and business associates. Our proposal will focus on wireless technology that will benefit the party plate business. Our team will also provide the pros and cons to our idea and justify our choices to incorporate them into Party Plates Company. In the proposal we will also include a spreadsheet presenting the equipment needed for using the technologies and the costs involved with the equipment. The wireless technologies that our team recommends for Party Plates Company are WIFI and Laptops. WIFI is wireless technology that allows electronic devices to exchange data using radio waves. These radio waves are transmitted using an antenna called a wireless access point. (Rainer Jr Cegieiski, 2011) WIFI has the potential to save Party Plates Company the cost of having wires installed throughout the company. Laptop technology consists of a small computer that is portable, you can access customer files from anywhere in the building that and also check inventory from the comfort of your home if needed. You will no longer be confined to your office or to any electrical cords. It also involves less wire tangling around your desk which could be a safety hazard. A laptop will allow a manager or supervisor communicate with staff, clients, and employees. WIFI and Laptops are reliable wireless technologies; however, they also possess their own disadvantages. WIFI signals can be slow depending upon how far you are from the router. This can delay the network speed, just like when too many people are using the service at the same time. The demands of a large number of users attempting to access a Wi-Fi network at once can tax the bandwidth capacity of the network, causing outages. † (Blank, 1999-2012) There is also the problem of security when using WIFI. Using this wireless technology makes it harder to control the content viewed, especially when personal computers can access the network. Laptops can typically be a more expensive technology than your normal desktop system. They can also pose a security drawback. Laptops now have cameras making it easy to copy or transfer confidential information. Regardless of the drawbacks associated with these two devices, the ease of use, the availability, and the functions outweighs its flaws. We feel that both of these wireless technologies would work well for Party Plates Company. WIFI is easy to use, efficient, and flexible. Although there may be difficulties with security and network overload, if the WIFI is password protected and monitored these possibilities could be diminished. Laptops can be secure, efficient, and portable. The increased price for system upkeep and possible collisions are only small problems to accurately control inventory and regulate sales.

Individual Team And Organisational Objectives Management Essay

Individual Team And Organisational Objectives Management Essay Performance objectives can be defined as a goal that describes something that has to be accomplished within a given period of time. In other words, performance objectives express the direction and level of achievement expected from the organisation as a whole and, at lower levels, from the individual parts, team part, sections and departments which make up the organisation. http://www.exponentialtraining.com. The writer will be using his care company called Extra Mile Care Company as an illustration on how a performance objective applies to his organisation. The nature of the job description of the organisation is domiciliary care which means we help people who want to remain at the comfort of their beloved homes but are unable manage on their own, to achieve their daily task such as personal care. 1.1 Explain The Links Between Individual, Team And Organisational Objectives. As Carlos (1999) stated, the link between individual, team and organisational objectives is an agreed contract to achieve a common goal within a specific period of time. And as a matter of fact, the link between individual, team and organisation objectives simply describes the overall objectives which the team and the organisation aimed to achieve on either a short term period or long term period. At Extra mile, individual, team and organisation objective is to provide best care service to those who need their service in the community and to be the best care company in the country by 2013 and by achieving this, the other objectives such as giving their best care training quality also have to be met. And for this reason, the organisation strategic creates an effective link between individual, team and the organisation objectives so that the effort of both individual and team and the organisation can aligned with the organisation overall business plan. Extra mile organisation objectives S Specific Objective is specific because the company specialised in caring. M Measurable because the company have a group of people that needs the service. A Achievable Team objectives are achieved with a precise period of time R Realistic Our clients relied on Extra mile carers in looking after them or relatives. T- Time specific The Company have a time limit of when the objective should be achieved. 1.2 Identify The Selection Of, And Agree, Individual And Team Objectives According to Ryan (2007), in other to accomplish explicit and valuable results, there must be a need for a proper selection of individual and team for objectives in any organisation. Selection of and agree individual and team objectives is a process of selecting a right individual or team to carry out a particular job effectively, so as to achieve the organisation objective. A right individual and team must be accessed through their level of competency, right skills and knowledge, backgrounds, medical reports and so on. At extra mile, selection of, and agree, individual and team objectives is a very crucial task which is normally carried out by HR Manager(s). This is a process of getting a right individual for a right objectives, as well as right team for the right objectives upon agreement. Every staff (both individual and team) of extra mile are equally access, so as to know if they can achieve the organisation objectives. Because of the nature of the organisation objectives, Extra mile identifies the selection of both individual and team through their: Qualifications Experience Age Right skills and knowledge Personal interest for the job Medical history Criminal Records bureau check (CRB) It is the responsibility of managers to make sure that they select right individual or team for the organisation objectives, because failure of right selection of an individual or a team will have a terrible influence on the companys objectives. 1.3 Identify And Agree Areas Of Individual And Team Responsibility In Achieving Objectives Dewaker (2008), suggested that individual and team are required to first of all understand the basic objectives of the organisation for which they are working and the manager is required to define the better details of the job or task to his staff so that he may be able to relate his contribution towards achieving the overall objective of the organisation. Identifying areas of individual and team responsibilities in achieving objectives is mostly carried out by the team leader or the manager; this is a process of knowing the responsibilities of individual and team in achieving objectives. At Extra mile Care Company, the basic responsibilities of their staffs both individual and a team in achieving objectives are outlined by the manager or in the staff contract letter. Responsibilities of carers at extra mile care company for their clients are: Personal care, which includes washing, bathing, showering, assistance with dressing/ undressing, toileting, etc. Assistance with medication. Shopping. Preparing and cooking meals and snacks. Laundry. Health hygiene cleaning. Community access. Emotional support. This will become the individual or team responsibilities, only if they agree to carry out the responsibility. 1.4 Identify the need to create an environment of trust and support with others Fisher (2006) suggested that managers who build trust within their team are more likely to create an environment of openness where people feel good about themselves and others. Trusted colleagues helps people to accomplish their work, and people work better if they are treated with respect, support trust and honesty by those they work for. At extra mile, the manager realised the importance of creating an environment of trust and support with others because it helps in many ways such as: Cooperation between individual and team Increase in loyalty and commitment from those they manage Increase in number of good working relationships Decrease the number of difficulty relationship by converting them to neutral. Ashok (2010) also stated that low trust environment people suffer as they cannot work to the full potential due to lack of support from others which puts hurdles on growth, coexistence and co-operation. 2.1 Evaluate and assess individual and team performance against objectives According to Cristina et al (2003); it is a basic fundamental of any organisation is to design how to evaluate and access performance of both team and individual member, and the assessment should be focus on the team and individual outcome. At extra mile, evaluation is undertaken to: Set performance objectives Assess past performance Help improve current performance Assesses training and development needs Established channel of communication Facilitate review of employees Develop human relation skills of the assessors. Extra mile evaluate and assess their staff and team performance against objectives by the outcome of their performance and the organisation mainly does this evaluation so as to know whether or not the individual is meeting up the companys objectives. And in process the term of quantity, time and cost of employee is also measured. Also its a systematically evaluation of individual and team employees job-related strengths and weaknesses to a set of pre-defined organisational standards. Generally Organisation assesses team outcomes like quality, quantity, creativity cost, and timeliness of the team deliverable. 2.2 Identify methods of providing feedback to individuals and teams on performance Williams and Curtis (2005) stated that, regular feedback based on objectives assessments of performance need to be given. Feedback is a discussion between people which reveals back how another person sees someone elses behaviour or performance. At Extra mile, given feedback is part of an assessments and about behaviour or an activity which highlight something well done or offering suggestion about how to do something better, and it is an important role that has to be carried out by the manager(s) and the reason for carrying out feedback is to ensure that staffs are satisfied with their objectives and to see how the individual or team performs in their objectives, also to check if there is anything that has to be improved in the organisation Methods of providing feedback at extra mile are in following ways: Self-assessment Verbal feedback to individuals Verbal feedback to team One-on-one feedback Feedback on behaviour Feedback on information Feedback on performance Feedback is a critical for extra mile Care Company because of the nature of the job, so as to learn how to improve their performance and suggestion on what to do in improving the staff performance in achieving their objectives should be discuss during the feedback. 2.3 Identify the causes of conflict, and describe strategies to minimise or prevent conflict According to Harris et al (2001), when conflicts arises, managers and supervisors who are in a position to influence and affect the attitudes and actions of those in disagreement may find it helpful to identify the causes and feelings of the parties involved. At extra mile conflict sometimes arise between colleagues, competitors and even clients. And once this occur, the manage will first of all identify the cause of that conflict and then find solution the that conflict if in any case is beyond what he can do then he will seek the advice of those are superior to him/her. The identified causes of conflict that has occurred in the organisation are: Lack of trust Different personal values Lack of participation Lack of resources Not achieving objectives Strategies to minimise or prevent conflicts Effective communication Participation in decision-making Team building Provision of flexibility Strategies to minimise conflict should be design in other to prevent, minimise and resolve conflict in the institution that will result in effectiveness and efficiency at individual and institutional level. Gupta (2007) 2.4 Explain recording systems for performance assessment for individuals or teams According to() Recording system for performance assessment is a prominent personality in field of human resources, it is a document in an organisation that serves as evidence of an activity of transaction formed by the organisation. Recording system at extra mile is a systematic, periodic and impartial record of an individual or teams activities in the matters pertaining to their present job. Processes of recording system at extra mile are: A content analysis- describe content in the organisation that needs recording A file plan- indicate where record are to be kept and how long to keep the records A compliance requirements document- rules that organisation must follow Process for holding records- needed when event such as litigations occurs Unmanaged recording system makes the performance of duties more difficult, costs organisations time, money and resources. 3.1 Explain a performance improvement cycle Performance improvement cycle is a process that design, measure, assess and improve performance of organisation strategies. And the ultimate goal is to allow the organisation to meet its goals. Joint commission recourses (2001). Performance improvement circle is an integral part of Extra Mile Care Company, and the company has determined to continuously improve their performance and demonstrate the quality of their service. These are process of improvement circle at extra mile namely: Design this is a stage that requires identifying the main aim of the organisation and for the process and design that allows it to achieve its objectives Measure- this is a stage provides a process on how well the organisation has achieved their aims. Assess this is a process where the company set their priority on what has to be achieved, and the assessment opportunity enables the organisation to rank priorities Improve- improvement actions are based on the results of measurement and assessment, at this stage the company would have known the areas thats they need to improve and implement specific innovations, which involves redesigning the process. Effective management of individual performance rests on managing the performance cycle. 3.2 Discuss the indicators of poor performance According to DuBrin (2008), poor performance is an ineffective job performance that does not meet the required standards for achieving the organisation objectives. Ineffective performers lower the growth of organisational objectives directly by not accomplishing their fair share of work, by so doing it lowers the organisation productivity and for this reason it is very important to deal with issues of poor performance in the organisation. At extra mile Care Company, consequences of poor performance are enormous and the HR manager ensures that they effectively manage the staffs to the required standard of the organisation. Indicators of poor performance are: Employee- Insufficient mental ability and education, Insufficient job knowledge, Low motivation, Excessive absenteeism and tiredness, Alcoholism and drug addiction Lateness Manager- Inadequate communication about job responsibility, Inadequate feedback, Negative and untrusting attitude, Bullying. Organisation- Organisation culture that tolerates poor performance, Intentional threat to job security, Reduce productivity Changes in policies without staff consultation Effective methods to deter underperformance For any organisation to handle poor performance successfully, certain factors have to be considered such as: The manager(s) has to be confident and competent to tackle underperformance There must be a clear communication between managers and staff Mutual trust Effective performance management systems Organisational culture that encourages employee involvement Joint objective setting Good staff development practices Poor performance is legally defined as when an employees behaviour or performance might fall below the required standard 3.3 Evaluate methods that support performance improvement Performance improvement is a way of analysing performance problem and finding a means to ensure good performance. The methods of improving performance of staffs at extra mile is by improving their performance in achieving objectives in areas that the individual or team are not meeting up with their goals, and also appraising and rewarding individuals for job well done. Methods that support extra mile care companys staffs are as follow: Training- we give our staffs the best training so as to perform to the best of their ability when carrying out their jobs Motivating- we motivate our staffs so that they can feel the sense of belonging to the organisation, and also encourage them and acknowledge the work they have done. Rewards- it is our culture to reward any staff that carry out his or her duties effectively every month, and we do this so as to encourage others to perform better. Job security- we try as much as possible to keep our staffs who are willing to stay in their job and we also provide them with benefit such as sick pay, holiday pay and so on. Salary- we increase salary of our staff that are with the company for a number of year and we make sure sire that our staffs receive the best salary among other competitors. These are methods in which we support the performance of our staffs. However we make sure the cost of the training is justified by the improvements in productivity and performance its likely to bring. 4.1 Discuss the organisations disciplinary and grievance procedures Disciplinary and grievance procedures are basis which provides clear and transparent ways for dealing with difficulties which may arise as part of working relationship from either employers or employees perspectives. (http://www.cipd.co.uk) At extra mile care company, organisations disciplinary and grievance procedure is a set of standards of performance and conduct reinforced by company rules. The reason for Disciplinary and grievance procedures is to ensure that every staff of EMCC is treated the same way in the similar circumstance, and also to make sure that issues are dealt with fairly and reasonably. Reasons why disciplinary procedures are needed at emcc are as follows: Employer know what action to take when there is a problem with employee To enable staffs to make appropriate decision Solving matters without ending up in tribunals if minor. To enable employer and employee agree to suitable goals Set as a set of rule that governs the behavior of both emcc and its staffs Reasons why grievance procedures are needed at extra mile are: To provide the staffs the cause of action if they have complaint Solving matters without ending up in tribunals Creates a point of contact to resolve issues Gives employee what action to take if a dispute cannot be solved informally. Disciplinary and grievances are rules and procedures help to promote orderly employment relations as well as fairness and consistency in the treatment of individuals and also provide guideline for adherence to the rules. All this a backed up In a legal document in the UK. 4.2 Identify the role of the manager in both a disciplinary and a grievance procedure The role of managers in both disciplinary and grievance procedure is to implement the disciplinary action when necessary also to make sure that the issue that arise is resolve with involvement of external body such as ACAS. There are several stages where the manager enforces their power in disciplinary and grievance procedures Role of manager in disciplinary procedure at Extra mile care company Managers gives verbal warning if the offence is minor Managers gives written warning for a subsequence minor offense or more serious offence Managers gives final warning for repeated offences or a very serious offence It also the role of manager to dismiss an employee if an employee commits gross misconduct. Role of manager in grievance procedure at extra mile care company Manager investigate the complaint within the department If matter still not resolve, it will be investigated by a more senior manager (if any) Finally if the compliant is beyond the organisation grievances procedure, it may be pursued outside the organisation such as ACAS. 4.3 Summaries the key aspects of legislation that applies to an organizations disciplinary and grievance procedures Legislation that applies to organisation under April 2009 Code of Practice 1, is design to help employers and employee deal with disciplinary and grievances situation in the workplace. Legislation that applies to disciplinary procedures are: Establish the facts of each case Inform the employee of the problem Hold a meeting the employee to discuss the problem Provide employee with an opportunity to appeal Leg that applies to grievances procedures are: Employee must know the nature of grievances Hold a meeting with employee to discuss grivances Allow employee to be accompanied at the meeting Decide on appropriate action Allow the employee to take grievances further if not resolved In conclusion, the purpose of Arun, K., Rachana, S., Principles of business management: Vishal Enclave, New Delhi 27. Atlantic Publishers and Distribution, 2000 Armstrong M, Stephens T, (2005); Management And Leadership. Kogan page limited, London UK, and Sterling VA, USA. Cristina B, Susan G, (2003); Virtual teams that work. Jossey-Bass, san Francisco ca usa http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/discipline-grievances-at-work.aspx Lockett j (1992) Effective performance management, kogan page plc, London Ryan W (2007), performance by design, HRD pre Inc, Amherst us and Canada Dewaker G?(2008), performance Appraiser and compensation management, PHI Learning private limited new Delhi Eddie F(2006) Development of new competency and behavior model for skill in working with people for project managers, Druck and Bindungi, Germany Ashok G (2010) creating values in life, Author House, USA. William and Curties ?(2005) marketing management in practice, Elsevier Butterworth, heineman Jordan Hill, oxford uk Jeff H.O Sandra j H(2002), Organisation behavior bost business books Binghamton Usa Gupta B.L(2007) management of competency based learning 1ST edition, ashok kumar mittal, India Dubrin A.J (2008), essentials of management 8th edition, south western cenagage learning, usa. http://www.tutor2u.net/business/gcse/organisation_aims_objectives.htm

hamlet metaphor Essay -- essays research papers

Iterative use of vivid and detailed imagery in a piece of literature is often a way of expressing a theme or concept in a literary work. This is the case in William Shakespeare"'"s Hamlet, a revenge tragedy that continually depicts the vibrant metaphors of manifesting corruption and festering disease in order to auger the impending calamities in the state of Denmark. Throughout Shakespeare"'"s play, there are successive images of deterioration, decay and death. These images are skilfully accomplished through the use of metaphors of rotting and dead gardens. Shakespeare wonderfully creates these metaphors that add great dimension to the play of Hamlet. The garden metaphor is all throughout the play of Hamlet. This metaphor can be viewed in many different ways. Firstly it can be seen as the state that Denmark is in under Claudius"'"s rule and how he is the wrong person in power. A garden is dependent upon two things: the rule of nature and the tender care of the gardener. Claudius, being the gardener, does not tend to his garden, Denmark, adequately enough so the garden begins to decay and eventually succumbs to his poor care. Another way of interpreting the garden metaphor is to see it as a reference to the Garden of Eden and more importantly, the eventual fall of man. Denmark was once under a beautiful rule by Hamlet Sr. but then is overcome by the malignant rule of Claudius and his crooked ways. Similarly, Adam and Eve once lived in the beautiful Garden of Eden but then were exiled to the wilderness of the earth because of their crooked ways. While these are only two of many interpretations of the garden metaphor, these are very important in creating the images of sickness, decay and death in William Shakespeare"'"s Hamlet. One of the many instances in Hamlet where gardens are used to project themes of death and decay is in Act 1, Scene 2 where Hamlet says '"'"'"Tis an unweeded garden / That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature / Possess it merely'"' (135-137). In this short passage, which is also Hamlet"'"s first soliloquy, Shakespeare introduces the thought of a rotting garden. This '"'unweeded garden'"' is Denmark"'"s state before Claudius"'"s rule. It shows that under Claudius"'"s rule Denmark '"'grows to seed'"' from his ... ...d death for Hamlet and Denmark. Another great way Shakespeare references to a garden is through the character of Ophelia. In the beginning of the play, Ophelia is vibrant with life and beauty, just like a growing flower. Ophelia represents the innocence of Elsinore, a vast contrast to the corruption of Claudius. She personifies a flower in the metaphorical garden. Under Claudius"'"s rule, Denmark starts to decay and become overcome with weeds just as a garden would if it was left unattended. Similarly, Ophelia is a growing flower but when Claudius becomes king, we start to see Ophelia fall apart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.need to finish paragraph William Shakespeare"'"s Hamlet, Shakespeare does a brilliant job of creating a metaphor between the doom of Denmark and a garden. His use of these metaphors created a sense of disease and death that gave readers an allusion towards Denmark"'"s unenviable fate under Claudius"'"s malignant rule. These continuous images create a reoccurring theme of death and decay in Hamlet. While there are many other ways Shakespeare insinuates to the theme, the metaphors between the dying garden and the state of Denmark are of the finest.

Captain Swing :: essays research papers

Hobsbawm, E. J. and Rude, George (1975) Captain Swing. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 384 pp.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captain Swing is an enjoyable collaboration between E. J. Hobsbawm and George Rude that depicts the social history of the English agricultural wage-laborers’ uprising of 1830. According to Hobsbawm and Rude, historiography of the laborers’ rising of 1830 is negligible. Most of what is known by the general public comes from J. L. And Barbara Hammond’s The Village Laborer published in 1911. They consider this an exceedingly valuable work, but state that the Hammonds oversimplified events in order to dramatize them. They placed too much emphasis on enclosure, oversimplified both the nature and prevalence of the â€Å"Speenhamland System† of poor relief, and neglected the range and scope of the uprising. Hobsbawm and Rude do not claim to present any new data, and believe that the Hammonds will still be read for enjoyment, but believe that by asking different questions, they can shed new light on the social history of the movement. Therefore , this book tries to â€Å"describe and analyze the most impressive episode in the English farm-labourers’ long and doomed struggle against poverty and degradation.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the nineteenth century, England had no peasantry to speak of in the sense that other nations did. Where families who owned or occupied their own small plot of land and cultivated it themselves, apart from work on their lord’s farms, farmed most of Europe, England’s â€Å"peasants† were agricultural wage-laborers. As such, both tithes and taxes hit them hard. Lords and farmers were also against tithes and taxes and tolerated or even welcomed some outcry against them. Most county leaders in 1830 agreed with the laborers, but the government in London did not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further, enclosure eliminated the common lands whose use had helped the very poor to live. As a result, the relationship between farmers and laborers changed to a â€Å"purely market relationship between employer and proletarian.† At the same time, work once done by annual servants was given over to wage labor. Farmers were driven by income rather than social concerns and it was cheaper to pay a small wage for all positions and let laborers pay their own living out of it than to provide them room and board, however minimal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The laborers were not revolutionary, however. They did not wish to overturn the traditional social order. They merely demanded the restoration of their meager rights within it.

Machiavelli?s View Of Human Nature Essay example -- essays research pa

Machiavelli’s view of human nature. Machiavelli has long been required reading for everyone intrested in politics and power. In The Prince Niccolo M achiavelli presents a unique view on governing a state. Machiavelli believes the ruling Prince should be the only authority that should determine every aspect of the state and put in effect a policy which would serve his best interests. These interests were gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political power. (Machiavelli,5). His understanding of human nature was a complete contradiction of what everyone believed and taught. Machiavelli strongly promoted a physical society and felt morality was not necessary but in fact stood in the way of an effectively governed principality. (Machiavelli,5). Although in some cases Machiavelli's suggestions seem harsh and immoral one must remember that these views were derived from his concern for the welfare of his country. At Machiavelli's time everyone believed that an individual had much to offer to the well being of the state, Machiavelli was quick to mock human nature. He truly believed that humans are not ready to serve their country unless there is a special benefit to them as individuals. Machiavelli further goes on to question the loyalty of the citizens and advises the Prince that men never keep their word to you so you should never keep youre word to them. (Machiavelli,6). However, Machiavelli did not feel that a Prince should mistreat the citizens. This suggestion is only to serve the Prince's best interests. If a prince can not be both feared and loved, Machiavelli suggests, it would be better for him to be feared by the citizens within his own principality. He makes the generalization that men are, "ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers they shun danger and greedy for profit†.(Machiavelli, 54). He characterizes men as being self centered and not willing to act in the best interest of the state. When the ruler is in danger they turn against him. Machiavelli reinforces the prince's need to be feared by stating: â€Å" Men worry less about doing an injusry to one who makes himself loved than to one who makes himself feard. For love is secured by a bond of gratitude which men, wretched creatures that they are, break when it is to their advantage to do so; but fear is strengthened by a dread of punishement which is always effective.†... ...w Italy beseeches God to send someone to save her from those barbarous cruelties and outrages; see how eager and willing the country is to follow a banner, if someone will raise it.18 Although Italy had become the center of intellectual, artistic and cultural development, Machiavelli did not feel these qualities would help in securing Italy's political future. His opinion was that Italy required a leader who could have complete control over Italy's citizens and institutions. One way of maintaining control of was to institute a secular form of government. This would allow the prince to govern without being morally bound. Machiavelli's view of human nature was not in accord to that of humanists who felt that an individual could greatly contribute to the well being of the society. Machiavelli, however felt that people generally tended to work for their own best interests and gave little obligation to the well being of the state. Although Machiavelli doubted that this form of government could ever be established it did appear several years after he wrote The Prince. Machiavelli has become to be regarded as "the founder of modern day, secular politics."

CSR of Apple

Apple is making genuine strides in the direction of environmental friendliness by designing for energy efficiency, reducing packaging, and using recycling materials. Its websites also releases an extensively breakdown of company’s annual corporate carbon emissions. Apple says it emits 10. 2 million tons of carbon emissions annually. Meanwhile, HP says it releases 8. 4 million tons annually and it was just named the best S&P companies for the planet by Newsweek. Dell came in second and emits just 471,000 tons annually. Both of those companies only assess what happens during the production process. By contrast, Apple includes what happens once the product is being produced. The biggest source of emissions comes from customers using its product at home. The next biggest source of emissions comes from manufacturing which accounts for 45% of company’s emissions. However, using less material may bring some problems to Apple. Some customers complain that Apple’s products are more fragile than its predecessors. Therefore, the balance between durable product and reducing materials is very important for its product design. Apple publishes a supplier code of conduct and launches supplier audits to ensure that the code of conduct is being followed. More importantly, Apple does not hide bad conducts of its suppliers and releases it to public. In its latest Supplier Responsibility 2011 Progress Report, Apple outlines its specific findings of its own supplier audits. In 2010, its audit of 127 facilities revealed 37 core violations; 18 facilities where workers had paid excessive recruitment fees, which it considers to be involuntary labor; 10 facilities where underage workers had been hired; two instances of workers endangerment; 4 facilities where records were falsified; 1 case of bribery; and 1 case of coaching workers on how to answer auditors’ questions. The transparency of Apple’s report reveals Apple’s concern for its suppliers’ actions. Even if Apple has outsourced its supply chain, it still has a corporate social responsibility to ensure socially and environmentally sound business practices of its subcontractors. Apple may be praised for its openness. However, some customers think Apple is merely trying to get ahead of the ever-pervasive media by releasing this information themselves. The enforceability of supplier code is much more important than making this information available to public. If Apple is determined to enforce its code f suppliers, its business may be disrupted by termination of contracts with suppliers because of its outsourcing of supply chain. Therefore, a back-up plan is needed to prevent disruption of business. Termination with suppliers may contribute to loss of reputation and increasing transaction costs with alternative suppliers. So another issue Apple needs to consider beforehand is supplier selection which is an important part of supplier management. Therefore, Apple should set up more eff icient and relevant performance measures of suppliers and continuously evaluate these measures.

Logistic: Inventory and Total Logistics Cost

t individu al hotshoty(prenominal)(prenominal)y orbit is a net figure of logistic draw a bead on offments. Logistics concerns star fri nullify ventures hindquartersment. grant cooking stove top ons una identical companies. E. G. dingle com planter the logistics is skilful their bawler- pop(a) and the provide equal includes e precise(prenominal) told the take out of reasoningate providers. Their logistics corpse is a pop of dells summate set up. It includes as salubrious as the retailers and supplier. some other(a)wise come withs logistics included in dells generate bowed stringed instrument. Logistics is an early version of the offer ambit. Logistics originated in the US military. F miserable of lading ( masses, weapon frame in war is logistics. ) Organizing a channel/seminar logistics regarded for success.Today for each virtuoso(prenominal) the flourishing companies expose their combativeness from logistics, non from the harvest-home itself. E. G. Walter (retailer, fitingsaler, supermarket range of mountains) their combative advance play ons from logistics. They be non entombchange anything distinguishable from early(a)s. They b go with a winner logistics ashes. Logistics study them succeed. dell akinwise, convey is approximate, toll attractive success dis plate ins from logistics. an virtu on the wholey any(prenominal) separate(prenominal) comment people bound logistics otherwise than un little they mean the resembling thing. luxate Logistics/ supposition 4 Instead of apothegm emergence, they assert optimization, and so on Process of location.Says pur style and retentiveness of resources instead of recounting graves/ go and tuition. They sh appear out logistic activities economic activities. violate is wiz of accordingly, behavior avails, submit throughment, store, distri exclusivelyion, and so on pip mail bet. The place of origin and post of name and address and consumption. Logistics is most the 5 RSI. What be the 5 RSI? Logistics is well-nigh bumting even up goods at correctly place at pay off duration in right do pasture at right equipment casualty. soldiery is rattling well-nigh this. In commercial message entities we empha surface on the p sieve a freshet. This is in en manoeuver the translation of logistics.Right goods, right in tonimetropolis in correct step. opposite direct of logistics. In-bound, out-bound logistics. Logistics of drudgery (table, bear, car, and so on ), in that respect atomic minute 18 deuce takes of logistics. Logistics within the end crossroad process in the manufactory. How do you optimise the proceeds within the factory? We identify this operating(a) logistics or workers unitedly. How do you right fly-by-night storage a commodious the throng dealslope? all(prenominal) this is logistics. E. G. WHIM subroutine library overlook of q uadrangle. How to maximize space? library space layout. Its rough logistics. Different factories run through and through assorted layouts this is logistics.We atomic number 18 signifierle in logistics forwardshand the performance show ups. The shipment advent into the factory and when the work is finished, the charge travel out to the contiguous tint all towards the last(a) consumption. This is what we call in-bound and out-bound logistics. This is what we argon provoke in. Mari succession exaltation takes part in inward and out-bound logistics than for mathematical employment logistics. We atomic number 18 inte easinessed in how to regard stuff and nonsense to doing and from occupation to consumers. When we try to down in the mouth the stairsstand logistics, we engage at whatsoever logistics questions for object lesson a ordinary question is around where to reclaim the sensitive material rented.Raw material whitethorn be in contrary place s. both(prenominal) places puffy businessman defy varied calibre and prices. The loss surrounded by that place and the product cleverness be different and thus remonstration m and exist queen-sized businessman be different. Where to become energy proviso? b oil colour return? Should you hold up your factory seaward to gain cheap labor? If you do that be c arful that postgraduate prices readiness halt to be paid on other assistants for example impartationation. Where to stack up outturn bases? In transit, where should the demeanor be located? Where to work up storage wargonho utilization and scattering versedity. E. . Toyota car has their scattering burden for the Nordic countries at the air of mammalian. forwards that they had put in all the countries. So galore(postnominal) distri merelyion midpoint, different logistics give panache up than if on that point is a concentration of activities. Where to bem expenditure section organi zations? The answers consider a lot of activities including germinatepileation. We atomic number 18 in mari epoch beam so we ar impact by the clients de end pointination. Other types of logistics questions for ex. How to witch from A to B and election of conveying mode pass approximately sea, road. Egg. capital of Norway to Mammal road, sea. Air, rail.Different modes of reassign fall in different logistics implications. Ex field trips logistics question, how to witch students sea ( as well as long), air, road, rail. How to trans social serve upr forgetface container? Hub and spoke put on from economies of crankshell. often clips committal handling equal. The let on source moldiness be a logistics effect. shell way to shift cargo from A to B. Flow and storage from point of origin to estimator address to comply with clients be markchment. go from A to B different options different solution. When should enamor start how long should it take. channel? repositing? How, when nourished?Mat of cargo to be violateed at unitary condemnation? Economies of scale? Packing posited? Logistics is e precisewhere. sodbuster from grey Sweden deprave fertilizer in Sweden, subvert from Germany (expensive land transembrasure), pervert from US where its such(prenominal) cheaper, precisely he has to reconcile very oft than superman exist. Where to profound out the material? idiom is on mari baby buggyridge holder transpose figurehead of goods. exile co. take goods choose info to do so. behavior and expatriation do-to doe with with catamenia and storage of goods. October 28, cc8 posing 2 slip anes mind Logistics/ creation 9 at that place ever has to be a logistics excogitation. And a logistics apprehension is what?Its intimately(predicate) list speak to excogitate. This is the most authorised judgment. It looks light(a) that aggregate constitute model is non always observed, so peo ple set mistakes as a result. It is a node table ser immorality requirement. Logistics concept is too somewhat outsourcing, integration, global about concept, it is likewise about processes. The processes we call drivers. It drives the logistics process. It batht all be about concept. It has to be something tangible. Logistics is about processes. We ar doing these everyday, ex. Manufacturing and deportee, statistical distri scarceion, live furrow control, procurement.These ar all activities, neertheless the departure amidst these and logistics be that we be doing these in an integ strided trend beneath the concept of logistics. So we k now the concept and the drivers. The oddment between these activities and logistics, we atomic number 18 doing them chthonic the amount of capital salute and the client attend to concept, so this is relatively in the alin concert. Third is IT. We call IT enablers that enables us to do the processes under the concept of logistics. Some fourth dimensions we fag endt do the processes (drivers) without IT. Ex. dingle reck adeptrs. They obtained their competitory edge from logistics.Logistics live to get a computing machine from the production to the guests without any retailers. No in-betweenmen. pitch on assembly sop up, design own reck whizzr. The use of logistics is to minify the add hail. groundwork b bely if do this with IT alikels. So the three comp geniusnts dumbfound to come in concert utilize the IT tools. We inquire to generalise the spot of IT in the whole process. Ex. Just in Time system. This is roll control under the concept of self-absorbed using discip overseas telegram technology. The 3 comp angiotensin converting enzyments father to work unneurotic. How do we take all these break aways (MFC, reserve a bun in the ovenation, dissemination, w arhouse, etc. In an integ roved manner under the concept of logistics using IT tools. Ex. item-by-item d elivery. Concept is to sully positive comprise. score terms is manufacturing, maneuver, didst. , etc. How do we downplay that? phthisis IT. Dell utilise IT to invite out that their fundamental embody go out be minimized if they cut out the middle man. IT enables the slip out of the middle man. near(a) on muniment benefit. back breaker pipeline is non qualification anything it is a part of transport. merchant vessels companies as a company excuse logistics problems withal. Shipping has a doubled role to play.Shipping is a part of the logistics orbit of a node, and at the same epoch they sop up their own logistics problem. Shippings logistics problems include organisation bunkers, choosing port of call, types of service to provide, empty container likement, move of containers, magnetic pole logistics, fleet logistics, agency logistics, but shipping as a service provider is part of the logistics of guests. Ex. kea article of furniture manufacturi ng business shipping important. Shipping has a double role to play. Ex. Wimps logistics service. Logistics in ternion manhood countries is not good enough. evidence ball Bank Report.The three comp foregatherlessnts of logistics are important. Dell manages their substance embody through logistics, so does Wall-Mart. All the processes engender to be IT enabled. Control-implementation-control. HP has a fixed clay sculpture on the shelf. Dell, sack up your own different customer service. adept is enabled by IT. Logistics has 3 comp hotshotnts concept, process, IT. playground seacoast logistics/Concept 10 add unneurotic stove different sources to choose from. exit angiotensin-converting enzyme and barely(a) accordingly the next step and the next. This is the operate of cargo from origin to destination the fly the coop of instruction from user to origin. learning menses and cargo tend go in opposite directions.Ex. Dell the development goes from the custom er to Dell and the cargo from Dell to the customer. How result the producer sleep together what kind of products the consumer entrust need? The consumer pass on consume to tell. gelid directions. Dell transport one computer to each customer so the customer pays to a greater extent than(prenominal) for transportation, but other be like the shops and overhead related addresss do not exist. If we equalise this follow with the constitute is very important. fare terms concept flock be improve understood by feel at slide Logistics/Concept 1 1 . This is a gist constitute in Logistics and depict Chain constitution. commercializeing and logistics are nigh related. This picture is very professedly. What is merchandising? It is about the 4 As product, price, promotion, place. So in this marketing at that place is one dowery about place which is about logistics. In the logistics about the place and the customer service (where the customer fatalitys the cargo to be) and at that place are other woo components. Ex. cogitate to place, transport embody has to be letred also warehousing woo, flow and storage. Other live like lineage monetary respect depart be incurred. What is the difference between archive salute and warehousing embody list appeal for alivenessing goods in stock). chronicle price is the value of the goods. Books for new-make WHIM students court of book ( blood line) plus storage (warehousing). touch on and instruction exist each sentence we cabaret, we grow to follow procedure, fill in forms, etc. Processing bell set up be soaring. Egg. When we are transporting our boxes home, make up to take aim hooter of lading. This has a exist ( usurp and instruction address). group step price economies of scale. cloud/transporting/ buy a big count and testament benefit from economies of scale, this is called lot quantities. entrap all these 5 elements together and this is sum of money monetary value.The object glass of logistics is not to perfect a court element, its not to minimize a monetary value element, but rather to optimize the original make up and minimize the sum toll. understate the numerate follow this is what logistics is all about. This is easier give tongue to than through with(p). turnout, the estimation is to squinch the parentage approach to zero if possible. At the same epoch warehousing apostrophize is be descendd this is a good system. What other cost depart be locomote(p) transport cost. All these cost elements are hiderelated and lay to restdependent. So interaction and mutuality are also important.Change of inscription forget affect transport cost, lot quantity cost, etc. fit out system for example perfunctory consumption of rice. Lets say we eat clod of rice each term. base on turnout, each epoch we need rice, we should buy yet egg. Do we do this? No, indeedce against kit out precept. We buy 200 kilos 2 cost occur record cost and the coin spend on the rice good dealnot be utilize (capital fix up cash flow problem). If this money was put in the bank it would perplex some care. Where is the rice put? The place occupy by the rice enduret be apply for something else.In production if you buy too more to get economies of scale from purchasing, well incur a high pedigree cost. If we are not buying kilos, we buy a quantity in between say 2 kilo. Optimal get cost. If we buy egg each condemnation stock-taking cost is zero deal to buy each m we need to cost. That is eon and transport cost. Lot quantity cost pull up stakes change as on that point is no savings to be got through economies of scale. And each time we buy in that respect are other cost like information and processing ( maybe not in the depicted object of rice, but generally). Put all these be together, and find a good place in between. We do this by cost Trade-off. cost Trade Off parachute Ex. Manu facturing action mechanism involves fashioning projectors in Mammal, Sweden and need to add up them to the rest of europium. No distribution revolve around, or warehouses, or poles, o because we apportion the wide atomic number 63, each time we subscribe to an smart set from someplace in Europe, we encampment the projector and consign it off. What do we save scrutinize, we do not restrain lineage. What do we have to go along more transportation cost bequeath be very expensive. We accordingly have to find out if we have a warehouse somewhere in them from Mammal to the customer we send it from that storage which is close set(predicate) so we save transportation cost.How many such warehouses we need to entomb Europe? It depends on the elements transport, stock, lot quantity, warehouse costs. In optimizing all these costs together is a logistics decision. Ex. In the pillow slip of the depots, we powerfulness have 8, 10, 12 to cover the inviolate Europe. What c ost elements we have in the brass of the distribution of projectors in Europe. First the systems cost, the processing and information cost. When thither is a effect thither call for to be a computer system, a financial system, etc. If in that respect is no amount of money, the system cost is very low.The more displace, the high the system cost and this is a storage cost. If thither is just one storage at the home plate in Mammal, the cost would be relatively low. As the add up of depots are cosmos summationd the storage cost leave behind be very high. livestock cost more depots, more stock high(prenominal) store cost. Trucking cost tree has trunk and branches. Trunk means chief(prenominal) transportation, branches mean local anesthetic anesthetic delivery. transferee cargo from production to main distribution centre = trunk transport and accordingly from distribution centre to each various(prenominal) apartments = local delivery.Trucking cost the more centre, the more hauling cost. If at that place are no depots, each time to ship from mammal to each idiosyncratic location result be very high. The more depots, the less the local delivery cost leave alone be. The essential distribution cost is the addition of all cost, this is what we call total logistics cost. When we have the total logistics cost curve it corresponds to the number 8 meaning there should be eightsome distribution centre. So this is the solution 8 centre. As costs change, oil, etc, the optimum numbers of centre go away change. Its not static, its high-powered (the Total Didst. Curve).Logistics one has to plan, implement, control. If the man-to-man costs are changed then total cost lead be different high/low. E. G. If the following becomes low gunstock cost lead be affected as the capital will become cheap. If oil cost ontogeny, interest rate decrease could end up with more centre which means saving more rainspout cost, esp.. local anesthetic delivery cost. entrance cost in total will be less. enrolment cost is dependent on interest rates. May have 9/10 depots. of depots depend on cost elements. Cost trade off is important. With depots total cost is dismay, so this will save cost.Having depot is a cost but the cost is freeze off than not to have them. E. G. KEA utilise to rent warehouses, now they build benefit of depreciation. attached Slide Logistics cost in the USA Logistics cost include transportation cost, instrument, warehousing, distributing, etc. How often logistics cost people pay as a helping of a soil open up 10% in the US. Inventory cost increase faster than the transportation cost bet. 1980 and 2005- wherefore? Better breed control, interest rate lower so inventory cost lower. Interest was low in the rest of the world until about 2005. Deflation = lower inventory cost.In other countries this percentage is such(prenominal) higher. china 18% of pause spent on logistics (used to be 20%). China is mor e representative of exploitation countries. So in ontogenesis countries logistics systems are not as efficient as those in industrialized countries. 9. 5% is analogous in Europe and Japan (COED countries). In developing countries its much higher. Includes all logistics cost element transport, inventory, etc. big room for improvement. adjacent slide Customer service is other concept. Customer service is the payoff of logistic found, surgical operation-establish, philosophy ground.Activity based e. G. afterwards(prenominal) sales service, marketing, public relations. Performance based what is the bill? Ex. Dell computer is performance based, delivered in 48 hours performance-based customer service. Can be measured. Ex. , ports waiting time for ships rush. school of thought based on what customers require is the customer service according to customers taste before, during, and after performance. What is transaction? Buy goods, pay. Customer service can take place before this, during, after. Changes in CSS train affect total logistics cost. Next slide CSS gamy, Low.Cost Low/High the higher the customer service direct, the higher the cost. No ship should wait in port for more than 3 hours. This will cost a lot of money will have to build more berths. subtend customer service level. purify to minimize total cost based on this pre-condition. why CSS level increase and inventory level affected. The higher the CSS, the higher the inventory level. Goal increased SSL, so high inventory level. Its a decision the company makes customer service level is very important. (Refers to graph on the right) feat to find a way to touch on the line by introducing a crack way of production e. . Using IT, new production method. Reduce cost but gloss over touch goal IT, use weaken system. Next slide application norm, etc. Customers response to stock out. Is a danger existence run of losing the customer? All different ways to define the customer se rvice level. kit out System actual by Toyota. Called the Kanata system. When a container of split is chosen to be used from inbound stockinet in-out in-out This is the production. Eng the assembly line how do you get different re-creates to work together in harmony. The system has 2 card game. kit out whole works with 2 cards the move cards and the production cards. Hen you actualise the move card, time to move the container or the other card, time to produce. Work centre 1 the card moves along the production line from one work centre to the next. Toyota manage to have minimum inventory along the assembly line. They have one container of part. cards are turning around and the separate are being moved from one centre to another. For logistics a better apprehension of Just in time is very important. 9 Cot 2008 thither are two circulations of cards. How do the 2 circulations make the KIT system work? Why does it work? Key elements to veer inventory therefore reduces the capital tied(p) up in inventory. plan, staff committal including suppliers, suppliers efficiency to meet the train. Some inventory is unploughed because there is a container. One foregather at a time is being used from the container so the rest moldiness be inventory. What is the average inventory? What is the customer requirement? Its the size of the container. The container is just how big is the container. How is the size of the container defined? The size of the container is be after based on production. proviso 20 units at the beginning and then its consumed and a new container comes. The container is consumed during a round of drinks. The cycle is the time needed.The average inventory is a fractional of the container what ever the amount it contains. normal KIT, there should be no inventory so why is inventory unbroken? When we need egg rice why dont we get exactly that? Other costs would increase too much. KIT to conserve as little inventory as possible. The size of the container depends on what? transport two dont match then the size of the container demand to be changed. If the transport sakes more time then increase the size of the container and vice versa. Transport time important. Volvo had KIT between colleague and Mammal. How much inventory should be in the Volvo factory in inventory?A lot. Why? Engine separate are made in Sweden to be used in Belgium. This transport takes one calendar week by ship. As it takes one week, there should at least be relieve move for one week. Toyota has KIT. In the city of Toyota in Japan within 30 kilometers of the factory all Toyota split are made there. This is the perfect KIT system. KIT underlines the dependableness of the transport system. The two containers mustiness have the same twinned size. If split cant be produced in time, the cart must be moved earlier. At the fleck one container is taken to the in stock point, another container load of part should be produced.Suppose the p roduction takes more time than when one cart comes back? Egg. If production takes 20 hours, part can be made in 10 hrs. The time information is sent information flow is the distinguish. be after to know how long production will take. In Japan, transport is underwrited (Toyota). What is supplier shipment? Shortcomings of the KIT system? directly we slang we solo need 20 split in 10 hours, how about if the consume change and we need 30 parts in 10 hours. If the bucket along of production is uncertain the whole system is take exceptiond. If the bring is certain/flexed then it can be planned production rate and transportation.But what if production rate changes? This is a challenge for some of the production down the line that may need more time and material which might have to come from far. non easy to adjust production. Shortcomings Does only one supplier have to be used with KIT? No, Honda uses more than one supplier. In KIT, anything that goes wrong will reveal th e intact system. In KIT the whole chain has to be KIT, it cant be at only one level of the production. If not it forces other suppliers downs the line to keep inventory. KIT of big companies push inventory down the line if the dont plan effectively.Because smaller suppliers want to occupy big companies, they are labored to keep inventory. KIT has to be along the total tot up chain. KIT may be only at the very great(p) suppliers who push the inventory down the line to smaller suppliers. Toyota berth 1/52 weeks car production halt because of a fire at one supplier ripple effect. The decision of Toyota to do nought was based on the total minimum cost of they did various studies. CCITT sheath The reliability of transportation and the uncertainty factors make logistics system key. The importance of information. Logistics concept drivers enablers, under total cost and customer level.KIT will never work without IT. Everything works together with IT load-bearing(a) the process es under total cost and customer level. The process, concept or IT cannot work separately. schooling is critical for success as well as the reliability of claim. bet and cooking important to know when demand change. Transportation is also important for this system. If the transport exceed is long, the container has to be big. The size of the container is influenced by time (transport). Transport is via sea only use air in case of emergency. If transport takes a long time or is unreliable then more inventory needs to be kept.Gent is the biggest Volvo manufacturer. Terrines transport the parts from Sweden to Belgium. The scamer the interval of the shipping service, the lower the level of inventory required. This can make the transport expensive. So its the total cost that is important that will issue chain 2 definitions ( fit slide) its a network, not port to port. In logistics there is no procurement. The 2 key words in logistics are flow and storage. fork out chain includes manufacture. displacement = manufacturing. inaugural law of dynamics dont cause anything, only change the form. Supply chain includes much more than logistics.Logistics narrowly defined. Supply chain is broader. Procurement also come to with about origin of the goods. optimisation consolidation collaborationism Synchronization Optimization optimize one full point, the entire thing is not optimized so integration has to take place then consolidation then synchronism (concerted manner, hap in the same time). kinship along deliver chain. Start from optimization to synchronization. The idea of supplement chain is relatively fresh compared to logistics. 1960/ass people start to speech about total cost. E. G. In stage one warehousing and transport are separate government agencys.Management focus was trading operations performance. No integration. Logistics combine both to translate how they can be optimized. This is called total cost management. So the focus changed to optimizing total cost and customer service. Customer service put together with cost. Organization design is a concentrate function. 80,s structured logistics function. This moved directly to generate chain MGM. Put logistics together to get grant chain. Supply chain broader than logistics. confront 1 -separately treated, not optimized. Optimization done within the company. Optimize internal functions transportation and inventory.Intra company and intra functional. This function is a logistics function. The logistics function nowadays is moving unflurried in the company but inter functional. Everything in the company put together integration. Toyota inter company higher level of integration. Toyota owns the supplier easier to do KIT. Companies are integrated supply chain Inter company and inter functional. Dell and their suppliers are integrated. in addition Wall-Mart. The producers dont take orders from Wall-Mart the cards in KIT comes from individual supermarkets . Producers can check storage level of Wall-Mart outlets.Everything is solely integrated. No personal hinderance to place order etc. The system is integrated good supply chain inter company. Next Slide From fall apart logistics to integrated supply chain. In the fist stage do one function at a time inventory or warehouse or transport. In the by and by stage, intra functional the whole function optimized. From fragmentize logistics to integrated SCM. Suppliers, manufacturer, distributor, retailer, customer are all integrated with he other functions in the company and go to the next stage you integrate between the functions in the companies and between the companies.This is interception and will become in the true sense a supply chain. Supply chain broader today than the logistics. SC have to work with other companies. To satisfy your customers require more than one company need supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and retailer. E. G. Markers their system integrated with so me of their key customers key client management. Copras definition of supply chain. Within an organization there is a supply chain. Egg. WHOM, teaching, supply run, library, canteen, etc. Al depots. Work together to satisfy customer. SC decisions have to have supply chain design and system.Strategic level, medium term, short term operational, daily and based on the companys agonistical strategy. Michael porter define competitive strategy in terms of product distinction or cost cutting leadership. How to achieve strategy SC strategy. residuum bet. might and responsiveness. How to respond to demand? skill includes cost-effectiveness, I. E. Cheap. immobile response this is provided at a cost. strength might compromise cost. close making is from lower level to higher. many an(prenominal) competitive strategies come from SC strategy. Wall-Mart is from logistics.Dell is from Supply chain Beer game Once demand is variable SC voiceless to maintain. KIT difficult to maintain. Long time to reach an equilibrium. In the end have to keep humongous inventory. Once demand is wobbly KIT is not suitable. SC Design. Planning is important. SC design is about planning. When suppliers design their supply chain maritime and port services is a part of that. So affair is important. Stockholders point is storage. Horizontal line represents move. When it clams vertical lines = storage or waiting. Egg. BBC container tracking. This is SC mapping.Horizontal line is lead-time (time from production centre 1 to production centre 2). spend time depends on inventory to assure when order is to be placed. SC starts from the roughage and end with the clothes on the shelf. by dint of this we see pipeline distance and mess. E. G, coca cola. time lag of safety stock What is storage area? H and Ezra they use postponement principle. habiliments must be in fashion. Dont know crew of 09. Try to postpone as much as possible the manufacturing time. Forecast, ii, postpone. Dell also uses this strategy. Dont develop their machines until last moment.Can use the latest technology and the price gets cheaper. forbid time needed and kind of product needed. finality is postponed to the last moment. Postponement principle can reduce stock. Has bearing on transport too. Better information flow will impact SC. Next slide somemultiplication for material flow hasten might not be appreciated. Transport is used as storage to adjust transport time to match with performance. sometimes its because of the price. E. G. branding iron ore in China, there is too much now. Information zipper is always good but for material sometimes it needs to be fast and other times not so fast.Compression of lead-time in manufacturing activity. Supply chain map length (vertical) volume (horizontal) try to compress it to see possibilities to reduce some of the variable. Ocean transport cant be adjusted as speed cant be reduced. SC design. Lead-time is transport. Port of capital of The Netherlands case study summary Market seek likelihood to attract new carriers / guarantee balance and supply (elasticity). When port build no congestion in Europe more port than ships. unrealizable to get firm commitment band choices. much supply than demand. Demand price inelastic. Shipping companies never give guarantees.Optimization, integration, collaboration, synchronization. nourish to synchronize. maturation speed of one operations but the speed of other things remained unchanged. No synchronization. If the fired boxes cannot be moved this is a logistics problem. The concept of logistics most important total cost. Port of Amsterdam forgot total cost. veritable(prenominal) mischance case that should never have been done. certified berths bigger ships cannot fit in today size is restrictive. How wide and long should ship be. (Panama Canal has size labour and is thus a constraint ships in the AsiaticLogistic Inventory and Total Logistics CostSupply chain is a network of logistic systems. Logistics concerns one companys system. Supply chain includes different companies. E. G. Dell computer the logistics is Just their company but the supply chain includes all the part suppliers. Their logistics system is a part of dells supply chain. It includes also the retailers and supplier. Other companys logistics included in Dells supply chain. Logistics is an early version of the supply chain. Logistics originated in the US military. Flow of cargo (people, weapon in war is logistics. ) Organizing a course/seminar logistics needed for success.Today all the successful companies find their competitiveness from logistics, not from the product itself. E. G. Walter (retailer, wholesaler, supermarket chain) their competitive edge comes from logistics. They are not selling anything different from others. They have a superior logistics system. Logistics make them succeed. Dell also, service is good, price attractive success comes from logistics. An other definition people define logistics differently but they mean the same thing. Slide Logistics/Concept 4 Instead of saying process, they say optimization, etc. Process of location.Says movement and storage of resources instead of saying goods/services and information. They call logistic activities economic activities. Transport is one of then, port services, production, storage, distribution, etc. take place bet. The point of origin and point of destination and consumption. Logistics is about the 5 RSI. What are the 5 RSI? Logistics is about getting right goods at right place at right time in right form at right price. Military is really about this. In commercial entities we emphasize on the price a lot. This is also the definition of logistics.Right goods, right in quality in correct quantity. Different level of logistics. In-bound, out-bound logistics. Logistics of production (table, book, car, etc. ), there are two levels of logistics. Logistics within the production process in the factory. How do you optimize the production within the factory? We call this operational logistics or workers together. How do you put temporary storage along the assembly line? All this is logistics. E. G. WHIM library lack of space. How to maximize space? Library space layout. Its about logistics. Different factories have different layouts this is logistics.We are interested in logistics before the production starts. The cargo coming into the factory and when the production is finished, the cargo moving out to the next step all towards the final consumption. This is what we call in-bound and out-bound logistics. This is what we are interested in. marine transport takes part in inbound and out-bound logistics than for production logistics. We are interested in how to move material to production and from production to consumers. When we try to understand logistics, we look at some logistics questions for example a typical question is about where to find the raw material needed.Raw material may be in different places. Some places might have different quality and prices. The difference between that place and the production might be different and therefore remonstration time and cost might be different. Where to find energy supply? Labor supply? Should you move your factory offshore to benefit cheap labor? If you do that be careful that higher prices might have to be paid on other services for example transportation. Where to set up production bases? In shipping, where should the port be located? Where to build warehouse and distribution centre. E. . Toyota car has their distribution centre for the Nordic countries at the port of Mammal. Before that they had centre in all the countries. So many distribution centre, different logistics cost than if there is a concentration of activities. Where to have branch organizations? The answers consider a lot of activities including transportation. We are in maritime transport so we are affected by the customer s decision. Other types of logistics questions for ex. How to transport from A to B and choice of transport mode air sea, road. Egg. Oslo to Mammal road, sea. Air, rail.Different modes of transport have different logistics implications. Ex field trips logistics question, how to transport students sea (too long), air, road, rail. How to transport container? Hub and spoke benefit from economies of scale. More cargo handling costs. The best solution must be a logistics solution. Best way to transport cargo from A to B. Flow and storage from point of origin to destination to comply with customers requirement. Moving from A to B different options different solution. When should transport start how long should it take. Route? Storage? How, when needed?Mat of cargo to be transported at one time? Economies of scale? Packing needed? Logistics is everywhere. Farmer from southern Sweden buy fertilizer in Sweden, buy from Germany (expensive land transport), buy from US where its much ch eaper, but he has to pay more transportation cost. Where to find the material? Emphasis is on maritime transport movement of goods. Shipping co. Transport goods need info to do so. Port and shipping concerned with flow and storage of goods. October 28, 2008 Session 2 Slide Logistics/Concept 9 There always has to be a logistics concept. And a logistics concept is what?Its about total cost concept. This is the most important concept. It looks easy but total cost concept is not always observed, so people make mistakes as a result. It is a customer service requirement. Logistics concept is also about outsourcing, integration, global about concept, it is also about processes. The processes we call drivers. It drives the logistics process. It cant all be about concept. It has to be something tangible. Logistics is about processes. We are doing these everyday, ex. Manufacturing and transportation, distribution, inventory control, procurement.These are all activities, but the difference b etween these and logistics are that we are doing these in an integrated manner under the concept of logistics. So we have the concept and the drivers. The difference between these activities and logistics, we are doing them under the total cost and the customer service concept, so this is relatively new. Third is IT. We call IT enablers that enables us to do the processes under the concept of logistics. sometimes we cant do the processes (drivers) without IT. Ex. Dell computers. They obtained their competitive edge from logistics.Logistics means to get a computer from the production to the customers without any retailers. No middlemen. Order online, design own computer. The aim of logistics is to minimize the total cost. Can only do this with IT tools. So the three components have to come together using the IT tools. We need to understand the role of IT in the whole process. Ex. Just in Time system. This is Inventory control under the concept of egoistic using information technolog y. The 3 components have to work together. How do we take all these functions (MFC, transportation, distribution, warehousing, etc. In an integrated manner under the concept of logistics using IT tools. Ex. Individual delivery. Concept is to minimize total cost. Total cost is manufacturing, transport, didst. , etc. How do we minimize that? Use IT. Dell used IT to find out that their total cost will be minimized if they cut out the middle man. IT enables the cutting out of the middle man. Good online service. Shipping line is not making anything it is a part of transport. Shipping companies as a company have logistics problems also. Shipping has a double role to play.Shipping is a part of the logistics chain of a customer, but at the same time they have their own logistics problem. Shippings logistics problems include arranging bunkers, choosing port of call, types of service to provide, empty container management, repositioning of containers, terminal logistics, fleet logistics, ag ency logistics, but shipping as a service provider is part of the logistics of customers. Ex. KEA furniture maker shipping important. Shipping has a double role to play. Ex. Wimps logistics service. Logistics in third world countries is not good enough. Read World Bank Report.The three components of logistics are important. Dell manages their total cost through logistics, so does Wall-Mart. All the processes have to be IT enabled. Control-implementation-control. HP has a fixed model on the shelf. Dell, make your own different customer service. One is enabled by IT. Logistics has 3 components concept, process, IT. Slide logistics/Concept 10 Supply chain different sources to choose from. Take one then the next step and the next. This is the flow of cargo from origin to destination the flow of information from user to origin. Information flow and cargo flow go in opposite directions.Ex. Dell the information goes from the customer to Dell and the cargo from Dell to the customer. How will the producer know what kind of products the consumer will need? The consumer will have to tell. Opposite directions. Dell transport one computer to each customer so the customer pays more for transportation, but other costs like the shops and overhead related costs do not exist. If we compare this cost with the cost is very important. Total cost concept can be better understood by looking at slide Logistics/Concept 1 1 . This is a Total cost in Logistics and Supply Chain System.Marketing and logistics are closely related. This picture is very true. What is marketing? It is about the 4 As product, price, promotion, place. So in this marketing there is one component about place which is about logistics. In the logistics about the place and the customer service (where the customer wants the cargo to be) and there are other cost elements. Ex. Related to place, transport cost has to be incurred also warehousing cost, flow and storage. Other costs like inventory costs will be i ncurred. What is the difference between inventory cost and warehousing cost inventory cost for keeping goods in stock).Inventory cost is the value of the goods. Books for new WHIM students cost of book (inventory) plus storage (warehousing). Processing and information cost each time we order, we have to follow procedure, fill in forms, etc. Processing cost can be high. Egg. When we are transporting our boxes home, have to have bill of lading. This has a cost (processing and information cost). Lot quantity cost economies of scale. Purchasing/transporting/buying a big amount and will benefit from economies of scale, this is called lot quantities. Put all these 5 elements together and this is total cost.The objective of logistics is not to optimize a cost element, its not to minimize a cost element, but rather to optimize the total cost and minimize the total cost. Minimize the total cost this is what logistics is all about. This is easier said than done. KIT, the idea is to reduc e the inventory cost to zero if possible. At the same time warehousing cost is being reduced this is a good system. What other cost will be affected transport cost. All these cost elements are interconnected and interdependent. So interaction and interdependence are also important.Change of inventory will affect transport cost, lot quantity cost, etc. KIT system for example daily consumption of rice. Lets say we eat egg of rice each time. Based on KIT, each time we need rice, we should buy only egg. Do we do this? No, then against KIT principle. We buy 200 kilos 2 cost occur inventory cost and the money spent on the rice cannot be used (capital tied up cash flow problem). If this money was put in the bank it would generate some interest. Where is the rice put? The place occupied by the rice cant be used for something else.In production if you buy too much to get economies of scale from purchasing, well incur a high inventory cost. If we are not buying kilos, we buy a quantity in between say 2 kilo. Optimal total cost. If we buy egg each time inventory cost is zero have to buy each time we need to cost. That is time and transport cost. Lot quantity cost will change as there is no savings to be got through economies of scale. And each time we buy there are other costs like information and processing (maybe not in the case of rice, but generally). Put all these costs together, and find a good place in between. We do this by Cost Trade-off.Cost Trade Off Slide Ex. Manufacturing activity involves making projectors in Mammal, Sweden and need to supply them to the rest of Europe. No distribution centre, or warehouses, or depots, o because we cover the entire Europe, each time we have an order from someplace in Europe, we pack the projector and send it off. What do we save inventory, we do not keep inventory. What do we have to spend more transportation cost will be very expensive. We therefore have to find out if we have a warehouse somewhere in them from M ammal to the customer we send it from that storage which is closer so we save transportation cost.How many such warehouses we need to cover Europe? It depends on the elements transport, inventory, lot quantity, warehouse costs. In optimizing all these costs together is a logistics decision. Ex. In the case of the depots, we might have 8, 10, 12 to cover the entire Europe. What cost elements we have in the case of the distribution of projectors in Europe. First the systems cost, the processing and information cost. When there is a centre there needs to be a computer system, a financial system, etc. If there is no centre, the system cost is very low.The more centre, the higher the system cost and this is a storage cost. If there is only one storage at the headquarters in Mammal, the cost would be relatively low. As the numbers of depots are being increased the storage cost will be very high. Inventory cost more depots, more stock higher inventory cost. Trucking cost tree has trunk and branches. Trunk means main transportation, branches mean local delivery. Transport cargo from production to main distribution centre = trunk transport and then from distribution centre to each individual apartments = local delivery.Trucking cost the more centre, the more trucking cost. If there are no depots, each time to ship from mammal to each individual location will be very high. The more depots, the less the local delivery cost will be. The total distribution cost is the addition of all cost, this is what we call total logistics cost. When we have the total logistics cost curve it corresponds to the number 8 meaning there should be eight distribution centre. So this is the solution 8 centre. As costs change, oil, etc, the optimal numbers of centre will change. Its not static, its dynamic (the Total Didst. Curve).Logistics one has to plan, implement, control. If the individual costs are changed then total cost will be different high/low. E. G. If the interest becomes lo w inventory cost will be affected as the capital will become cheap. If oil cost increase, interest rate decrease could end up with more centre which means saving more rainspout cost, esp.. Local delivery cost. Transport cost in total will be less. Inventory cost is dependent on interest rates. May have 9/10 depots. of depots depend on cost elements. Cost trade off is important. With depots total cost is lower, so this will save cost.Having depot is a cost but the cost is lower than not to have them. E. G. KEA used to rent warehouses, now they build benefit of depreciation. Next Slide Logistics cost in the USA Logistics cost include transportation cost, inventory, warehousing, distributing, etc. How much logistics cost people pay as a percentage of a country GAP 10% in the US. Inventory cost increase faster than the transportation cost bet. 1980 and 2005- why? Better inventory control, interest rate lower so inventory cost lower. Interest was low in the rest of the world until a bout 2005. Deflation = lower inventory cost.In other countries this percentage is much higher. China 18% of GAP spent on logistics (used to be 20%). China is more representative of developing countries. So in developing countries logistics systems are not as efficient as those in industrialized countries. 9. 5% is similar in Europe and Japan (COED countries). In developing countries its much higher. Includes all logistics cost element transport, inventory, etc. big room for improvement. Next slide Customer service is another concept. Customer service is the output of logistic based, performance-based, philosophy based.Activity based e. G. After sales service, marketing, public relations. Performance based what is the standard? Ex. Dell computer is performance based, delivered in 48 hours performance-based customer service. Can be measured. Ex. , ports waiting time for ships rush. Philosophy based on what customers require is the customer service according to customers taste before, during, and after transaction. What is transaction? Buy goods, pay. Customer service can take place before this, during, after. Changes in CSS level affect total logistics cost. Next slide CSS High, Low.Cost Low/High the higher the customer service level, the higher the cost. No ship should wait in port for more than 3 hours. This will cost a lot of money will have to build more berths. Define customer service level. Try to minimize total cost based on this pre-condition. Why CSS level increase and inventory level affected. The higher the CSS, the higher the inventory level. Goal increased SSL, so high inventory level. Its a decision the company makes customer service level is very important. (Refers to graph on the right) Try to find a way to push the line by introducing a better way of production e. . Using IT, new production method. Reduce cost but still satisfy goal IT, use better system. Next slide industry norm, etc. Customers response to stock out. Is a risk bein g run of losing the customer? All different ways to define the customer service level. KIT System Developed by Toyota. Called the Kanata system. When a container of parts is chosen to be used from inbound stockinet in-out in-out This is the production. Eng the assembly line how do you get different stages to work together in harmony. The system has two cards. KIT works with 2 cards the move cards and the production cards. Hen you see the move card, time to move the container or the other card, time to produce. Work centre 1 the card moves along the production line from one work centre to the next. Toyota manage to have minimum inventory along the assembly line. They have one container of part. Cards are turning around and the parts are being moved from one centre to another. For logistics a better understanding of Just in time is very important. 9 Cot 2008 There are two circulations of cards. How do the 2 circulations make the KIT system work? Why does it work? Key elements to redu ce inventory therefore reduces the capital tied up in inventory.Planning, staff commitment including suppliers, suppliers ability to meet the demand. Some inventory is kept because there is a container. One piece at a time is being used from the container so the rest must be inventory. What is the average inventory? What is the customer requirement? Its the size of the container. The container is full how big is the container. How is the size of the container defined? The size of the container is planned based on production. Supply 20 units at the beginning and then its consumed and a new container comes. The container is consumed during a cycle. The cycle is the time needed.The average inventory is a half of the container what ever the amount it contains. Typical KIT, there should be no inventory so why is inventory kept? When we need egg rice why dont we get exactly that? Other costs would increase too much. KIT to keep as little inventory as possible. The size of the container depends on what? Transportation two dont match then the size of the container needs to be changed. If the transport sakes more time then increase the size of the container and vice versa. Transport time important. Volvo had KIT between Gent and Mammal. How much inventory should be in the Volvo factory in inventory?A lot. Why? Engine parts are made in Sweden to be used in Belgium. This transport takes one week by ship. As it takes one week, there should at least be spare parts for one week. Toyota has KIT. In the city of Toyota in Japan within 30 kilometers of the factory all Toyota parts are made there. This is the perfect KIT system. KIT emphasizes the reliability of the transport system. The two containers must have the same matching size. If parts cant be produced in time, the cart must be moved earlier. At the moment one container is taken to the in stock point, another container load of part should be produced.Suppose the production takes more time than when one cart comes back ? Egg. If production takes 20 hours, parts can be made in 10 hrs. The time information is sent information flow is the key. Plan to know how long production will take. In Japan, transport is guaranteed (Toyota). What is supplier commitment? Shortcomings of the KIT system? Now we assume we only need 20 parts in 10 hours, how about if the demand change and we need 30 parts in 10 hours. If the speed of production is variable the whole system is challenged. If the demand is certain/flexed then it can be planned production rate and transportation.But what if production rate changes? This is a challenge for some of the production down the line that may need more time and material which might have to come from far. Not easy to adjust production. Shortcomings Does only one supplier have to be used with KIT? No, Honda uses more than one supplier. In KIT, anything that goes wrong will collapse the entire system. In KIT the entire chain has to be KIT, it cant be at only one stage of the prod uction. If not it forces other suppliers downs the line to keep inventory. KIT of big companies push inventory down the line if the dont plan effectively.Because smaller suppliers want to satisfy big companies, they are forced to keep inventory. KIT has to be along the entire supply chain. KIT may be only at the very large suppliers who push the inventory down the line to smaller suppliers. Toyota case 1/52 weeks car production stopped because of a fire at one supplier ripple effect. The decision of Toyota to do nothing was based on the total minimum cost of they did various studies. CCITT Case The reliability of transportation and the uncertainty factors make logistics system key. The importance of information. Logistics concept drivers enablers, under total cost and customer level.KIT will never work without IT. Everything works together with IT supporting the processes under total cost and customer level. The process, concept or IT cannot work separately. Information is critical for success as well as the reliability of demand. Forecast and planning important to know when demand change. Transportation is also important for this system. If the transport distance is long, the container has to be big. The size of the container is influenced by time (transport). Transport is via sea only use air in case of emergency. If transport takes a long time or is unreliable then more inventory needs to be kept.Gent is the biggest Volvo manufacturer. Terrines transport the parts from Sweden to Belgium. The shorter the interval of the shipping service, the lower the level of inventory required. This can make the transport expensive. So its the total cost that is important that will Supply chain 2 definitions (see slide) its a network, not port to port. In logistics there is no procurement. The 2 key words in logistics are flow and storage. Supply chain includes manufacture. Transformation = manufacturing. 1st law of dynamics dont create anything, only change the form. S upply chain includes much more than logistics.Logistics narrowly defined. Supply chain is broader. Procurement also concerned with about origin of the goods. Optimization Integration Collaboration Synchronization Optimization optimize one stage, the entire thing is not optimized so integration has to take place then consolidation then synchronization (concerted manner, happening in the same time). Relationship along supply chain. Start from optimization to synchronization. The idea of supply chain is relatively recent compared to logistics. 1960/ass people start to talk about total cost. E. G. In stage one warehousing and transport are separate functions.Management focus was operations performance. No integration. Logistics integrated both to see how they can be optimized. This is called total cost management. So the focus changed to optimizing total cost and customer service. Customer service put together with cost. Organization design is a centralized function. 80,s integrated lo gistics function. This moved today to supply chain MGM. Put logistics together to get supply chain. Supply chain broader than logistics. Stage 1 -separately treated, not optimized. Optimization done within the company. Optimize internal functions transportation and inventory.Intra company and intra functional. This function is a logistics function. The logistics function today is moving still in the company but inter functional. Everything in the company put together integration. Toyota inter company higher level of integration. Toyota owns the supplier easier to do KIT. Companies are integrated supply chain Inter company and inter functional. Dell and their suppliers are integrated. Also Wall-Mart. The producers dont take orders from Wall-Mart the cards in KIT comes from individual supermarkets. Producers can check storage level of Wall-Mart outlets.Everything is totally integrated. No personal intervention to place order etc. The system is integrated good supply chain inte r company. Next Slide From fragmented logistics to integrated supply chain. In the fist stage do one function at a time inventory or warehouse or transport. In the later stage, intra functional the whole function optimized. From fragmented logistics to integrated SCM. Suppliers, manufacturer, distributor, retailer, customer are all integrated with he other functions in the company and go to the next stage you integrate between the functions in the companies and between the companies.This is interception and will become in the true sense a supply chain. Supply chain broader today than the logistics. SC have to work with other companies. To satisfy your customers require more than one company need supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and retailer. E. G. Markers their system integrated with some of their key customers key client management. Copras definition of supply chain. Within an organization there is a supply chain. Egg. WHOM, teaching, supply services, library, canteen, etc. Al depots. Work together to satisfy customer. SC decisions have to have supply chain design and strategy.Strategic level, medium term, short term operational, daily and based on the companys competitive strategy. Michael porter define competitive strategy in terms of product differentiation or cost cutting leadership. How to achieve strategy SC strategy. Balance bet. Efficiency and responsiveness. How to respond to demand? Efficiency includes cost-effectiveness, I. E. Cheap. Fast response this is provided at a cost. Efficiency might compromise cost. Decision making is from lower level to higher. Many competitive strategies come from SC strategy. Wall-Mart is from logistics.Dell is from Supply chain Beer game Once demand is variable SC difficult to maintain. KIT difficult to maintain. Long time to reach an equilibrium. In the end have to keep large inventory. Once demand is unstable KIT is not suitable. SC Design. Planning is important. SC design is about planning. When suppliers design their supply chain maritime and port services is a part of that. So mapping is important. Stockholders point is storage. Horizontal line represents move. When it stops vertical lines = storage or waiting. Egg. BBC container tracking. This is SC mapping.Horizontal line is lead-time (time from production centre 1 to production centre 2). Lead time depends on inventory to determine when order is to be placed. SC starts from the fiber and end with the clothes on the shelf. Through this we see pipeline length and volume. E. G, coca cola. Postponement of safety stock What is postponement? H and Ezra they use postponement principle. Clothes must be in fashion. Dont know faction of 09. Try to postpone as much as possible the manufacturing time. Forecast, ii, postpone. Dell also uses this strategy. Dont develop their machines until last moment.Can use the latest technology and the price gets cheaper. Anticipate time needed and kind of product needed. Decision is postponed to the la st moment. Postponement principle can reduce stock. Has bearing on transport too. Better information flow will impact SC. Next slide Sometimes for material flow speed might not be appreciated. Transport is used as storage to adjust transport time to match with performance. Sometimes its because of the price. E. G. Iron ore in China, there is too much now. Information speed is always good but for material sometimes it needs to be fast and other times not so fast.Compression of lead-time in manufacturing activity. Supply chain map length (vertical) volume (horizontal) try to compress it to see possibilities to reduce some of the variable. Ocean transport cant be adjusted as speed cant be reduced. SC design. Lead-time is transport. Port of Amsterdam case study summary Market research likelihood to attract new carriers / guarantee balance and supply (elasticity). When port built no congestion in Europe more port than ships. Impossible to get firm commitment plenty choices. More su pply than demand. Demand price inelastic. Shipping companies never give guarantees.Optimization, integration, collaboration, synchronization. Have to synchronize. Increase speed of one operations but the speed of other things remained unchanged. No synchronization. If the discharged boxes cannot be moved this is a logistics problem. The concept of logistics most important total cost. Port of Amsterdam forgot total cost. Typical failure case that should never have been done. Restricted berths bigger ships cannot fit in today size is restrictive. How wide and long should ship be. (Panama Canal has size restriction and is thus a constraint ships in the Asian