Orion System Essay

I. INTRODUCTION The basic resource of any organization whether it is business, non business government or nongovernment is human’s physical and mental ability. One of important duties of manager is to motivate these forces to achieve organization objectives. Generally, motivation is categorized into physical, social and mental motivation. Physical motivation is referred to the needs of individuals in work environment like well fare facilities (adequate work area, climate, light, etc.) Those human needs which are associated with behavior of others and manager in particular and satisfy social needs are referred to as social motivation. The needs that lead to mental satisfaction are mental motivation (http://www.irjabs.com/) 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Motivation is not directly observable (it is internal to each employee), it is personal (what is arousing differs and how behavior is directed is often different), however the process is common and it is goal directed. There are different theories of motivation. Early theories of motivation and Contemporary theories Of motivation and also they are classified as Content theories and Process theories. A Classification of Motivation Theories (Content vs. Process) Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories. Content Theories deal with â€Å"what† motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals. Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McCelland studied motivation from a â€Å"content† perspective. Process Theories deal with the â€Å"process† of motivation and is concerned with â€Å"how† motivation occurs. Vroom, Porter & Lawler, Adams and Locke studied motivation from a â€Å"process † perspective. 1). CONTENT THEORIES MASLOW’S (NEED HIERARCHY THEORY NOTE): An individual moves â€Å"up the steps† of the hierarchy. â€Å"Lower order† needs are satisfied externally (i.e. physiological and safety) while â€Å"higher order† needs are satisfied internally (i.e. social, esteem, and self-actualization) THEORY X & THEORY Y MCGREGOR BELIEVED (Theory Y assumptions were more valid than Theory X)and proposed such ideas as participative decision making, responsible and challenging jobs, and good group relations as approaches that would maximize  an employee’s motivation. TWO-FACTOR THEORY :_Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction. THE ERG THEORY Alderfer’s theory — Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. †¢ Existence refers to our concern with basic material existence requirements; what Relatedness refers to the desire we have for maintaining interpersonal relationships; similar to Maslow’s social/love need, and the external component of his esteem need. Growth refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development; the intrinsic component of Maslow’s esteem need, and self-actualization ((Robbins and Judge,2007) Alderfer’s ERG theory differs from Maslow’s Need Hierarchy insofar as ERG theory demonstrates that more than one need may be operative at the same time. ERG theory does not assume a rigid hierarchy where a lower need must be substantially satisfied before one can move on. ACHIEVEMENT NEED THEORY David McClelland is most noted for describing three types of motivational need, which he identified in his 1961 book, The Achieving Society: achievement motivation (n-ach) authority/power motivation (n-pow) affiliation motivation (n-affil) ( david mcclelland, http://ozgurzan.com) INCENTIVE THEORY Incentive theory suggests that employee will increase her/his effort to obtain a desired reward. This is based on the general principle of reinforcement. The desired outcome is usually â€Å"money†. This theory is coherent with the early economic theories where man is supposed to be rational and forecasts are based on the principle of â€Å"economic man†. 2.)PROCESS THEORY EXPECTANCY THEORY The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that the outcome to the individual. The theory focuses on three relationships )1 . Effort-performance. 2. Performance-reward. 3. Rewards-personal goals. ((http://ozgurzan.com) GOAL THEORY IN 1968 Edwin Locke proposed Goal Theory, which proposes that motivation and  performance will be high if individuals are set specific goals which are challenging, but accepted, and where feedback is given on performance. The two most important findings of this theory are: Setting specific goals (e.g. I want to earn a million before I am 30) generates higher levels of performance than setting general goals (e.g. I want to earn a lot of money). The goals that are hard to achieve are linearly and positively connected to performance. The harder the goal, the more a person will work to reach it.(ibid) ADAMS’ EQUITY THEORY Adams in 1963, Equity Theory suggests that if the individual perceives that the rewards received are equitable, that is, fair or just in comparison with those received by others in similar positions in or outside the organization, then the individual feels satisfied. Adams asserted that employees seek to maintain equity between the inputs that they bring to a job and the outcomes that they receive from it against the perceived inputs and outcomes of others. (http://ozgurzan.com) 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The problem to be analyzed in this research paper is the reasons why workers are not motivated unsatisfied and unproductive? The main concern that employers or organizations are paying attention to is on how to enhance productivity of their employees. Productivity can be affected by many different variables. Out of that employee’s motivation is the basic aspect. Different organizations employing both the financial and non-financial incentives of goal setting theory of motivation; describe whether both types of incentives affect the productivity profile but that method is motivated for a shorter period. A positive attitude can help to build strong relationships as well as create increased motivation. If you have a goal in mind that you are having a hard time finding motivation to meet, try having a positive attitude. Although it may seem challenging at times, try these easy tips in order to be more positive each day.( James Clear. http://www.solveyourproblem.com) Therefore, this behavioral, attitudes, and opinions are collected from secondary data. The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between positive  thinking and motivation. RESEARCH QUESTION To describe contemporary theories of motivation? To identify how to motivate employees To describe the relationship of positive thinking and motivation? To identify the source of positive thinking? To recommend solutions to increase motivation ? 1.3 OBJECTIVES Now days in any organization there is a problem of lack of motivation at the result low productivity, high turnover and absenteeism. Motivating employees is crucial for an organization. Employees lacking motivation can be disadvantageous for all kinds of organization.- GENERAL OBJECTIVE The General objective of the study is to know and apply the essence of motivation to increase Productivity and efficiency Specific objectives are; To motivate employees to be efficient & productive To encourage warm relationship harmony in working environment To encourage creativity & positive work attitude To be able to cope with work stress To have a healthy body & mind to carry out daily tasks efficiently. 1.4 DEFINATION OF THE TERMS MOTIVATION :- As Sasso defined in wikiversity† Motivation is directed energy toward a behavior which is constant and strong. This behavior aims to achieve a particular goal and is able to begin, continue, change course and cease. Both external and internal motives provide this direction and energy. These motives are made up of an individual’s needs, cognitions, emotions and external events’’ .(Remez ,Sasso,Wikiversity) Positive thinking:- An individual having positive expectancies for their future (Scheier & Carver, 1993). This positive mindset is said to begin from childhood, where it is learned form modeling the behaviour of parents and peers (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). This type of thinking is directly linked to motivation. Selfe respect Self respect is very important because you are able to exert honesty, confidence and integrity. You also get to earn respect from other people as well as favors’ and love because of the fact that you love yourself first. ( http://www.ask.com/question/why-is-self-respect-important) 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of this study will be to gather information that will aid management to comprehend features of high staff absenteeism and turnover experienced by the organizations. The end results may permit the organization to be in an improved position to develop staff retention strategies aimed at increasing productivity. 1.6 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK The essence of motivation is positive thinking. 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY Due to lack of material and shortage of time the study was limited on an overview of Eastern can tries and analyzes only Japan’s case of motivational scheme. 1.8 RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY Methodology The study uses secondary data .The secondary data source is extracted from literatures on the subject matter from different websites, journals, books, etc. The secondary data contributes towards the formulation of background information and helps the researcher to formulate new theory from it. Research design The research designed to analyze motivational system of Eastern and western can tries in respect to their culture. From Eastern side Japan’s management philosophy has been taken as a bench mark For motivation factor. Data analysis method The data analysis method is through document review analyzed and interpreted by comparing with the standard literature review to draw appropriate finding, conclusion and recommendations. It is qualitative method. II. LITERATURE REVIEW The trick for employers is to figure out how to inspire employee motivation  at work. To create a work environment in which an employee is motivated about work, involves both intrinsically satisfying and extrinsically encouraging factors. Employee motivation is the combination of fulfilling the employee’s needs and expectations from work and the workplace factors that enable employee motivation – or not. These variables make motivating employees challenging. Employers understand that they need to provide a work environment that creates motivation in people. But, many employers fail to understand the significance of motivation in accomplishing their mission and vision. Even when they understand the importance of motivation, they lack the skill and knowledge to provide a work environment that fosters employee motivation. As you can imagine, a mentally healthy person is more likely to think in a positive manner. Positive thinking, like optimism, can be defined by an individual having positive expectancies for their future (Scheier& Carver, 1993). This positive mindset is said to begin from childhood, where it is learned form modeling the behaviour of parents and peers (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). This type of thinking is directly linked to motivation. This is because the behaviors and decisions that individuals make, as well as expectations of what may occur are directly influenced by one’s cognitions. A positive thinker will set attainable goals and attempt to achieve these despite their complexity. However, this same person will also know when to separate themselves from a goal when it is too far out of reach (MacLeod & Moore, 2000). While motivation can often be used as a tool to help predict behavior, it varies greatly among individuals and must often be combined with ability and environmental factors to actually influence behavior and performance. Understanding what motivates an organization’s employees is central to this study.( http://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz) Motivation of an individual is also influenced by the presence of other people. Social psychologists have been active in discovering how the presence of others in a given situation influences motivation. Finally, motivation is sometimes also approached from a more philosophical direction. That is, analyses of motivation are understood, at least in part, by examining the particular philosophical  point of view espoused by the theorist.( Adam,January19,2011) 2.1 MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES 2.11) MOTIVATION THEORIES FROM BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIST In 1759,Smith had proposed a theory of human behavior that looks anything but self interested.In his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith argued that behavior Adam. Smith argued that behavior was determined by the struggle between what Smith termed the â€Å"passions† and the â€Å"impartial spectator.† The passions included drives such as hunger and sex, emotions such as fear and anger, and motivational feeling states such as pain. Smith viewed behavior as under the direct control of the passions, but believed that people could over ride passion-driven behavior by viewing their own behavior from the perspective of an outsider—the impartial spectator—a â€Å"moral hector who, looking over the shoulder of the economic man, scrutinizes every move he makes† (Grampp, 1948, p. 317). 2.12 )CONTEMPORARY MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES. 1) ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THEORY Atkinson &Raynor (1974) Key components: The expectancy of success / Need for Achievement / Fear of failure Achievement motivation is determined by conflicting approach and avoidance tendencies. Positive influences include the expectancy of success, the incentive values of successful completion and a need for achievement. Negative influences the expectancy of failure, the incentive to avoid failure and the fear of failure. 2. ATTRIBUTION THEORY Weiner (1992) Key components: Attributions about past successes and failures Causal attributions are a person’s explanations as to why past successes and failures occurred, and these have consequences on the way they initiate future actions. Most commonly, people attribute failure to a lack of ability on their part, rather than to insufficient effort. 3.SELF-EFFICACY THEORY Bandura (1997) Key components: Perceived self-efficacy Self-efficacy concerns a person’s assessment of their ability to carry out a given task. Consequently, their sense of efficacy will influence the choice of task they choose to carry out, as well as the amount of effort they put in and the level of persistence displayed 4)EXPECTANCY-VALUE THEORY Eccles&Wigfield (1995) and Brophy (1999) Key components: The expectancy of success / The value attached to that success The two key factors which influence the motivation to perform are a person’s expectancy to succeed and the value they place on having succeeded in doing that particular task. A person will be more highly motivated when both of these are developed. 5. SELF-WORTH THEORY Covington (1998) Locke & Latham (1990) Key components: Goal properties include specificity, difficulty and commitment The driving cause of human activity is purpose. So, for any action to take place, goals must both be set and pursued by choice. If an individual is committed to the goal, the goal needs to be Key components: Perceived self-worth People are naturally inclined to behave in ways that enhance their feelings of personal value and worth. If anything threatens these perceptions, the resultant face-saving behavior may manifest itself in many unique ways. 6. GOAL SETTING THEORY  specific and sufficiently difficult to lead to the highest level of performance. 7. GOAL ORIENTATION THEORY Ames (1992) Key components: Mastery goals and performance goals Mastery goals focus on the learning of content. Performance goals focus on demonstrating ability and getting good grades. Mastery goals are better because they tend to lead to a preference for challenging work, to intrinsic interest in learning activities and to positive attitudes towards learning. 8. SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY Deci& Ryan (1985) and Vallerand (1997) Key components: Intrinsic motivation / Extrinsic motivation A person’s intrinsic motivation is concerned with the doing of something for its own sake, in order to derive pleasure and satisfaction. This may be the joy of doing an activity or the satisfying of curiosity. A person’s extrinsic motivation is concerned with the doing of something as a means to an end, i.e. there will be some reward at the end of it all, or to avoid punishment. Motives can be placed along a continuum between self-determined (intrinsic) and controlled (extrinsic) form of motivation. 9)THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR Ajzen (1988) and Eagly&Chaiken (1993) Key components: Attitudes / Subjective norms / Perceived behavioural control Attitudes exert a direct influence on a person’s behaviour because a person’s attitude towards the goal will influence their responses to that attaining that goal. Things that can influence this are the person’s subjective norms (the perceived social pressures to achieve the goal) and also perceived behavioural control (the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behaviour). ( 10). SOCIAL MOTIVATION THEORY Weiner (1994) and Wentzel (1999) Key components: Environmental influences A large proportion of motivation is actually derived from the socio-cultural context rather than from the individual. Key words: Motivation, positive thinking, Self respect. 2.2 WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION Motivation offers several importance to the organization and to the employees: ? Higher efficiency ? Reduce absenteeism. ? Reduces employee turn over. ? Improves a corporate image. ? Good relations. ? Improved morale. ? Reduced wastages and breakages. ? Reduced accidents. ? Facilitates initiative and innovation 2.3 HOW TO MOTIVATE EMPLOYEES 2.31 BELIEFS ABOUT WHAT MAKES US EFFECTIVE CAUSE MOTIVATION After more than a century of research and argument, motivation researchers and practitioners now begin to agree that motivation is the result of our beliefs about what makes us successful and effective. We all value the goals, working conditions and incentives that we believe will contribute to our success. We avoid situations that will prevent us from achieving our goals. For example, money and/or recognition are nearly universal motivators because they are widely perceived as indicators and facilitators of success for many, perhaps most people. Whether we call motivational tools â€Å"reinforcement†, â€Å"incentives†, â€Å"drivers†, â€Å"inducements† or by some other quasi-technical name, they only motivate when they are perceived as effective. Conversely, we .avoid conditions that we think will delay, inhibit or prevent the attainment of objectives. (Richard E. Clark1 R. E. 2003) 2.32. MOTIV ATIONAL FACTORS There are several factors that motivate a person to work. The motivational factors can be broadly divided into two groups: (http://managementconsultingcourses.com) I. MONETARY FACTORS: ? Salaries or wages: salaries or wages is one of the most important motivational factors. Reasonable salaries must be paid on time. While fixing salaries the organization must consider such as : †¢ Cost of living ,†¢ Company ability to pay &†¢ Capability of company to pay etc, ? Bonus: It refers to extra payment to employee over and above salary given as an incentive. The employees must be given adequate rate of bonus. Incentives: The organization may also provide additional incentives such as medical allowance, educational allowance, hra ,allowance, etc. ? Special individual incentives: The company may provide special individual incentives. Such incentives are to be given to deserving employees for giving valuable suggestions. II. NON MONETARY FACTORS: ? Status or job title: By providing a higher status or designations the employee must be motivated. Employees prefer and proud of higher designations. ? Appreciation and recognition: Employees must be appreciated for their services. The praise should not come from immediate superior but also from higher authorities. ? Delegation of authority: Delegation of authority motivates a subordinate to perform the tasks with dedication and commitment. When authority is delegated, the subordinate knows that his superior has placed faith and trust in him. III.WORKING CONDITIONS : Provision for better working conditions such as air-conditioned rooms, proper plant layout, proper sanitation, equipment, machines etc, motivates the employees. ? Job security: Guarantee of job security or lack of fear dismissal, etc ? Job enrichment: Job enrichment involves more challenging tasks and responsibilities. For instance an executive who is involved in preparing and presenting reports of performance, may also asked to frame plans. ? Workers participation: Inviting the employee to be a member of quality circle, or a committee, or some other form of employee participation can also motivate the work-force. ? Cordial relations: Good and healthy relations must exist throughout the organization. This would definitely motivates the employees. 2.31 MOTIVATION THEORIES ARE CULTURE BOUND †¢ Note that most theories were developed in the US. Many theories do not always work around the world (e.g., equity theory). However, many do (e.g., having interesting work). Motivation has cultural influence Eastern thinking accepts that in life, both good and bad events will occur. Rather than seeing these misfortunes as a challenge, these problems are seen as potential triumphs. When confronted with obstacles, easterners appear to take on a problem solving approach, seeking to find meaning in the positive and negative that enters their lives. Unlike Western thinking which seeks physical rewards in life, Easterners seek spiritual rewards in the afterlife and attempt to lead a more fulfilling life in doing so . The intrinsic motivation to achieve optimum cognitive functioning is highlighted in Taoism, Buddhism and Hinduism. (Snyder & Lopez, 2007). WESTERN AND EASTERN CULTURE WESTERN CULTURE EASTERN CULTURE Logical and reason-centered, individualistic thinking. A more holistic, idealistic, and group thinking approach to problem solving Viewing work as a necessary burden. Viewing work as a challenging and development activity. The avoidance of risk taking and the feeling of distrust of others. An emphasis on cooperation, trust, and personal concern for other The habit of analyzing things in such great depth that it results in â€Å"paralysis through analysis.† Cooperation built on intuition and pragmatism. An emphasis on control An emphasis on flexibility www.selfdeterminationtheory.org/†¦/2001_DeciRyanGagneLeoneEtal.pd. Motivational concept from western attitude and from eastern attitude. INCENTIVES AND CULTURE Use of financial incentives to motivate employees is very common Countries with high individualism When companies attempt to link compensation to performance Financial incentive systems vary in range Individual incentive-based pay systems in which workers are paid directly for their output Systems in which employees earn individual bonuses based on organizational performance goals MANY CULTURES BASE COMPENSATION ON GROUP MEMBERSHIP Such systems stress equality rather than individual incentive plans An individually based bonus system for the sales representatives in an American MNC introduced in its Danish subsidiary was rejected by the sales force because It favored one group over another Employees felt that everyone should receive the same size bonus Indonesian oil workers rejected a pay-for-performance system where some work teams would make more money than others Workers in many countries are highly motivated by things other than financial rewards The most important rewards in locations at 40 countries of an electrical equipment MNC involved recognition and achievement Second in importance were improvements in the work environment and employment conditions including pay and work hours. MANAGERS EVERYWHERE USE REWARDS TO MOTIVATE THEIR PERSONNEL Some rewards are financial in nature such as salary raises, bonuses, and stock options. Others are non-financial such as feedback and recognition. Significant differences exist between reward systems that work best in one country and those that are most effective in another. WORK CENTRALITY The importance of work in an individual’s life can provide important insights into how to motivate human resources in different cultures Japan has the highest level of work centrality Israel has moderately high levels The United States and Belgium have average levels The Netherlands and Germany have moderately low levels Britain has low levels VALUE OF WORK Work is an important part of most people’s lifestyles due to a variety of conditions Americans and Japanese work long hours because the cost of living is high Most Japanese managers expect their salaried employees who are not paid extra to stay late at work, and overtime has become a requirement of the job There is recent evidence that Japanese workers may do far less work in a business day than outsiders would suspect JOB SATISFACTION EU workers see a strong relationship between how well they do their jobs and the ability to get what they want out of life U.S. workers were not as supportive of this relationship Japanese workers were least likely to see any connection This finding suggest difficulties may arise in American, European, and Japanese employees working together effectively. 2.4 POSITIVE THINKING AND MOTIVATION Motivation avoids clashes and non-cooperation and brings harmony, unity and co-operative outlook among employees. Managers have to work as motivators of their subordinates. For this, effective communication, proper appreciation of work done and positive encouragement are necessary and useful. Motivation is inspiring and encouraging people to work more and contribute for achieving the objectives of the company. The creation of the desire and willingness to perform the job efficiently is known as motivation. positive thinking and motivation influence one another. Not only is this seen physiologically, but it is also witnessed in relation to coping styles, well-being, learned optimism, positive psychology and religious beliefs. Motivation is able to help individuals achieve their goals of changing how they think, improving their mental, physical and everyday functioning as a result. Positive thinking however, can also motivate the individual to achieve their goals. This is highlighted through a person’s coping mechanisms and by their religious beliefs. In conclusion, this chapter has outlined how positive thinking motivates the individual as well as what motivates an individual to think positively in the first place. 2.4 HOW TO DEVELOP POSITIVE TINKING Positive thinking isn’t a natural ability, as for thats why you are here. Positive thinking is a strength, a very useful strength that will help you onto the path of success. With time, and effort, positive thinking will be your own strength, to pretty much open a whole new path to the outlook on  life. Positive thinking is contagious. People around you pick your mental moods and are affected accordingly. Think about happiness, good health and success, and you will cause people to like you and desire to help you, because they enjoy the vibrations that a positive mind emits. Learn more about yourself. A lot of times you’re just limiting yourself and your full capabilities. Try new things and stay active. Staying active and doing things new will help develop positive thinking techniques in your life. Face the things that scare you. Fears have the ability to create doubt in our minds. Doubt leads to negative thinking. Once you start facing the fears in you life, you develop more confidence.( eHow http://www.ehow.com) Associate yourself with people who think positively. Always sit and walk with your back straight. This will strengthen your confidence and inner strength. Walk, swim or engage in some other physical activity. This helps to develop a more positive attitude. 2.5 THE BENEFIT OF POSITIVE THINKING Positive attitude manifests in the following ways: Positive thinking. Constructive thinking. Creative thinking. Optimism. The motivation and energy to do things and accomplish goals. A attitude of happiness. A positive frame of mind helps in a lot of ways, such as: Expecting success and not failure. It makes you feel inspired. It gives you the strength not to give up, if you encounter obstacles on your way. You regard failure and problems as blessings in disguise. Believing in yourself and in your abilities.> You show more self-esteem and confidence. You look for solutions, instead of dwelling on problems. You see and recognize opportunities. The benefits of a positive attitude: This might seem like a repition of the above, but it helps to make this message clearer. It helps you achieve goals and attain success. It brings more happiness into your life. It produces more energy. Positive attitude increases your faith in your abilities, and brings hope for a brighter future. You become able to inspire and motivate yourself and others. You encounter fewer obstacles and difficulties in your daily life. You get more respect and love from other people. Remez Sasson, http://www.successconsciousness.com) IT CAN MAKE YOU MORE RESILIENT Resilience refers to our ability to cope with problems. Resilient people are able to face a crisis or trauma with strength and resolve. Rather than falling apart in the face of such stress, they have the ability to carry on and eventually overcome such adversity POSITIVE THINKERS COPE BETTER WITH STRESS When faced with stressful situations, positive thinkers cope more effectively than pessimists. In one study, researchers found that when optimists encounter a disappointment (such as not getting a job or promotion) they are more likely to focus on things they can do to resolve the situation. POSITIVE THINKING IS GOOD FOR YOUR HEAlth Not only can positive thinking impact your ability to cope with stress and your immunity, it also has an impact on your overall well-being.(kende cherry, http://psychology.about.com/bio/Kendra-Cherry-17268.htm REFERENCE Adam .http://www.teachthemenglish.com/2011/01/10-contemporary-motivation-theories-and-h EL Deci (- ‎2001) ow-they-explain-why-your-students-just-arent-into-it/ Davidmcclelland,http://ozgurzan.com/management/management-theories/theories-a bout- motivation/ EHow , http://www.ehow.com/how_5702659_develop-positive-thinking-techniques.html Richard E. Clark1, http://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/study-with-us/study-resources-for-students/goals-and-motivation/strategies-to-increase-your-motivation/ Richard E. Clark1 R. E. 2003) Fostering the work motivation of individuals and teams. 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Jones, â€Å"Firms spend Billions to Fire Up Workers – With Little Luck†, USA Today, May 10, 2001 T.R. Mitchell, â€Å"Matching Motivational Strategies with Organizational Contexts†, Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 19, pp 60-62 P.C. Early, P. Wojnaroski, and W. Prest, â€Å"Task Planning and Energy Expended: Explorations of How Goals Influence Performance†, Journal of Applied Psychology, Feb 1987. J. Greenberg and S. Ornstein, â€Å"High Status Job Title as Compensation for Underpayment: A Test of Equity Theory†, Journal of Applied Psychology, May 1983. January 19, 2011 by Adam.http://www.teachthemenglish.com/2011/01/10-contemporary-motivation-theories-and-how-they-explain-why-your-students-just-arent-into-it/

Deadly Unna Essay Essay

In Australia there is much controversy surrounding racism between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians. Phillip Gwynne’s novel Deadly Unna is an example of the relationships between the two cultures. Deadly Unna is based on a 14-year-old character named Blacky who lives in ‘the Port’ where the Non-Indigenous Australians or the ‘goongas’ live. On the outskirts of the township there is ‘the Point’ and this is where the Indigenous Australians or ‘nungas’ live. Blacky is an archetypal teenager, he plays football, and experiences the same anxiety in relation to girls and growing up. The theme of racism is of great importance throughout the novel so to the necessity for reconciliation and the hope that this brings. Gwynne cleverly incorporates dialogue and imagery to reveal these themes. The relationship between Blacky and Dumby shows the responder that they do not conform to the standard of racism. Dumby Red is a footy star from the Point, to Blacky he is the perfect guy â€Å"This Dumby Red was trendy, he was talented, he was up himself, he wore Jezza’s number 25, and he had that smile.† – Blacky. Blacky was not always friends with Dumby, earlier in the novel he ranted on about how he hated his guts because he is a Non-Indigenous Australian. But later on Dumby stood up for Blacky in a fight; this changed his view of Indigenous Australians. The use of football as a reoccurring metaphor connects the two characters. â€Å"The footy was the only place for us and the nungas to be together†. This quote shows how the relationship between Dumby and Blacky can exist through a social barrier of racism. Gwynne uses descriptive language when Blacky is attending Dumbys’ funeral to demonstrate to the responder that Blacky lacks understanding of Indigenous Australians and racism in the town. â€Å"Most of the houses were fibro, there were some brick ones as well. I thought that’s not right, they all had doors and windows. I had been told that the first thing nungas do is break all their windows and smash all their doors down.† – Blacky. Through this relationship between Blacky and Dumby, Gwynne has shown that Blacky has a strong relationship with Dumby, he doesn’t care that he is judged because he simply wants to respect an Indigenous Australian. Gwynne has used the relationship between Blacky and Pickles to show the racist side of the town. The use of Pickles arrogance towards the feelings of the Indigenous Australian community shows that the Indigenous Australians are misunderstood and judged unfairly. â€Å"Why did you go to a boongs funeral Blacky?† – Pickles. Through this technique the responder can see that not only Pickles but also the port are racist towards Indigenous Australians. When Mark Arks received the B.O.G award Blacky was infuriated because he thought that Dumby was deserving of the trophy and not mark arks, he believed that Dumby did not receive it because of him being from Indigenous Australian background. â€Å"Mark arks getting the B.O.G, that’s bull****, that was Dumbys’ award!† – Blacky. Through the dialogue that Pickles uses towards the Blacky and the Indigenous people it shows how commonly racism is used in the town and that it is of the norm to be racist. Gwynne also shows the relationship between Blacky and Dumby is contrasting to the one between Blacky and Pickles and that the relationship between pickles been forced over the years and now Blacky is starting to realise Pickles’ true traits. Through the use of a variety of language and techniques Gwynne has revealed themes of racism in the novel. It is through the presentation of different relationships that Gwynne included two sides of racism in the Indigenous culture. The presentation of the relationships between Blacky and Dumby show that racism in the Port doesn’t effect Blacky, he cared about Dumby even though he was an Indigenous Australian. On the other hand the relationship with Pickles and Blacky is much different, Pickles is racist and doesn’t want to have Blacky being friends with an Indigenous Australia therefore Blacky feels he has to hide his friendship with Dumby. Elements that such as descriptive language and dialogues, metaphorical scenarios and different perspectives, combine to make Deadly Unna an entertaining novel for the responder.

The Attitude towards Alzheimer's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Attitude towards Alzheimer's - Essay Example Although research on care-giving disproportionally deals with topics such as costs of care, service utilization, and negative psychosocial outcomes etc, the influence of the attitude towards Alzheimer's on the care-giving to the patients has not attained significant attention in researches. Researches on the attitude of the family members towards Alzheimer's have great relevance as it can aid better care offered to the individuals with Alzheimer's by the people immediately close to them. As it is families who deal with life, it is important for families to deal with diseases, especially a disease like Alzheimer's. "Given that Alzheimer's is a disruptive yet often subtle disease, infinitely variable, it tends to bring about family crisis, even in the best organized and healthiest of families. This is because the beginnings of the disease involve gradual loss of ability to function well in life, rather than specific symptoms needing specific treatment. It is a disease of behaviors, and families have to make decisions about their own behaviors in response to the illness. In families with unhealthy interaction patterns, Alzheimer's disease becomes a new battleground." (Gray-Davidson, 1999, p. 47). Therefore, the attitude of the families towards Alzheimer's has an important impact on the care offered to individuals with Alzheimer's disease and a research on the different attitudes can contribute to a better health-care offered to patients with Alzheimer's. Scope The attitude of the families towards Alzheimer's has been found one of the most essential factors influencing the type of care offered to individuals with Alzheimer's. A reflective analysis of the various common attitudes towards Alzheimer's and their influences on the health-care can determine the various effective ways to treat the patients and help them in coping with the particular situation of the life. Therefore, the scope of research concerning attitude of the families towards Alzheimer's is vast and this specific study focuses on determining the essential elements in the different attitudes towards Alzheimer's. Hypothesis One of the basic factors determining the care given to individuals with Alzheimer's is the attitude of the families towards Alzheimer's as family is the essential unit of the society to deal with the issues confronting individuals with Alzheimer's. Therefore, the underlying hypothesis of this study is that the attitude of the families towards Alzheimer's has a major influence on how the patient is treated and looked after in the family background and it is essential to develop a positive attitude towards Alzheimer's in order to assist the patient effectively. Literature Review Various types of attitudes by different section of the society towards Alzheimer's have a major influence on the diagnosis, health-care, and treatment of the disease. For example, a physician's positive attitude towards Alzheimer's has been found one of the most essential factors in early diagnosis of the disease and it can affect how the patient is offered health-care in the course of the disease. "In their ongoing study, Paterson and colleagues found that a doctor's positive attitude about the identification and treatment of dementia is the most

Anemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anemia - Essay Example clude fatigue, numbness and jaundice while the more severe symptoms include dizziness extremely high blood pressure, and heart attacks (Garrison 241). For successful diagnosis, it is crucial that the medical officer introspects into your medical history and family health records since anemia for instance sickle cell can be genetically acquired. They will then check for the aforementioned signs and carry out tests, which may include; complete blood count (CBC), measuring the levels of vitamin B12 and Folate on rare occasions, the doctor may take a sample of bone marrow. The doctor will then administer treatment depending on the cause including fluids and blood transfusions in most cases, anemia caused by loss of blood can be treated by treating the cause of blood loss. Today, advanced methods of treating anemia are being developed such as gene therapy and bone marrow transfer and while still in the early stages they portend consummate improvements in the field(Garrison 2009). Ultimately, the treatment and prognosis of Anemia are relative to the severity, when it caused by bleeding such as an ulcer, one is likely to recover. When treated in the early stages, it is more likely to be cured, however, in elderly people it is more difficult to remedy than with the younger

Sustainability in global business. Topic The MOLE TRAIN Essay

Sustainability in global business. Topic The MOLE TRAIN - Essay Example The Mole Train greatest advantage will be facilitating fast and reliable transactions between China and the U.S, which will facilitate strengthening of trade ties between the two countries. Since transactions will be facilitated at much high efficiencies, and in the shortest time possible, the Mole Train will abolish time wastage in the travel arrangements when using both air and ship transportation. This will lead to increased transactions and business activities between the two countries, further harmonizing bilateral polices and agreements; this is necessary in maintaining harmony between countries. Moreover, the infinite opportunities presented by construction of the Mole Train will create jobs and investment opportunities, which will eventually boost the economy of the two countries (Collins & Kearins, 2010). The mega project will ensure strengthened relationship ties between the two countries; many transactions between the two countries will mean more interactions. These ties w ill help in developing mutual understanding when signing treaties and agreements, which have been taking long to finalize due to limited interactions. The increased interaction will help increase the range of available products in the markets, hence improving diversity in the markets, and attracting more customers (Tachizawa & Pozo, 2012). The two countries will thus be on the global focus regarding availability of investment opportunities due to such great infrastructure necessary in international trade. Sustainability Aggarwal (2011) notes that the Mole Train idea was designed to satisfy the need of a faster and more efficient transport, compared to air transport and ship transport, which are the only available mode of transport between the two countries. The project involves having a train that will move in a non-stop manner underground, and use the least time possible between the two countries. The train will be expected to travel at a thrilling speed of 8km/s, implying the eigh t thousand miles journey will only take less than an hour. After evaluation and consideration of many factors, the Mole Train concept was found to be the most promising and viable solution to the underlying problem. The idea was to reduce the time wasted in travelling, and instead increase the time taken in transactions, achieving efficiency and effectiveness. Faster mobility of people in large numbers was another factor to consider. An airplane has limited number of people it can transport, while a train can handle much larger number of people, in addition to tons of cargo at the same time. Trade and development between the two countries is another factor considered in coming up with the Mole Train idea (Yen-Chun et al., 2010). Due to the growth and development in, technology, there is increased production in both countries, with both imports and experts expanding drastically, which demands more markets, and faster supply chain and logistical factors to reach customers at the short est time possible. These were the main ideas behind the Mole Train concept development to achieve faster delivery and increase trade activities. The Mole Train is environmentally sustainable. The rail path will be constructed underground, implying any interruption with the ecosystem will not be of considerable magnitude. However, the millions of tons in earth and soil dug in the trench will eventually affect the

Symbolism in Desiree's Baby by Kate Chopin Essay

Symbolism in Desiree's Baby by Kate Chopin - Essay Example ave a child who grows to appear with a heritage as a ‘quadroon’, the happiness of their marriage is shattered and Desiree disappears into the bayou as Armand destroys the evidence of their love. In the end, a letter reveals that it is Armand who had a mother with the heritage that gave their child the appearance of a ‘quadroon’, not Desiree. The story of Desiree’s Baby written by Kate Chopin uses symbolism to show the way in which prejudice and slavery affect her characters and in order to discuss the nature of race, gender, and love in a compelling story with a surprise ending that challenges conceptions. Because there is doubt about the origins of Desiree, there is a fear by the Valmondes, the people who took her in as she was left on their doorstep, that she will have a mixed race heritage. As she is loved by them, they do not care, but they fear for her life as a wife of a rich plantation owner who has many slaves. Although he implication of this is that she will be unacceptable as a wife for Armand who claims to not care because he loves her so much. Chopin writes that â€Å"Armand Aubigny riding by and seeing her there, had fallen in love with her. That was the way all the Aubignys fell in love, as if struck by a pistol shot† (Chopin 219). When she bears him a child who appears to be of mixed race, his heart turns on her and he drives her from their home. The discussion that Chopin introduces is based upon the difficulties of identity and race as it was interpreted in the time contemporary to her writing. Armand loves her as long as he has no knowledge of her genetic history, but when he believes he has discovered that she has an ancestor that might be ‘black’, he turns on her and rejects this aspect of her identity. The imagery that Chopin evokes as he falls in love with Desiree evokes a violent and explosive idea through the â€Å"pistol shot† (Chopin 219). This is a foreboding of how the relationship will end as his powerful attraction to her

Bibliography about Napoleon Bonaparte-France Essay

Bibliography about Napoleon Bonaparte-France - Essay Example He was enrolled in a military school in a town named Bienne. His performance in academics was not at all laudable. However, his progress in the military ways was commendable. It only took him a year in the Paris military school to be commissioned as the second lieutenant. He achieved this rank in the artillery section in the year 1785. In 1789, Napoleon spectated the fall of bastille though with approval from military officials. He watched at a distance but did not involve himself in fighting. He chose to spend the next few years hanging out in his native town of Corsica. His stay there was not without controversy. He had a blown out conflict with a Corsican nationalist named Paoli. Napoleon’s family were convinced of reduced safety in the area. They decided to flee the town for Marseille in the year 1793 (Johnstone 13). 1793 stands out as the year napoleon had his first military test. It was not easy opposition to face as it entailed the British ad royalist armies. The succes s of his command on the British secured him the rank of brigadier general in the French army. In the following year, Napoleon was handed command of the national French army that was stationed in Italy. His military life and dealings made him subject to imprisonment in the year 1794. It was for a short while. He was alleged to have been involved with the brother of Robespierre (then-fallen). His imprisonment came to a hasty end as his name was cleared from the list of army officers who had failed to follow orders. October 1795 saw Napoleon lead a successful revolt against the revolutionary French government. In the new government, he was prompted as the army commander of the interior. The promotion transpired in May 1796. Napoleon organised the French army for a series of attacks that he plotted. The attacks were aimed at the Sardinians as well as the Austrians in Italy. He enjoyed a commendable success rate as he won in Mantua, Savoy, Lombardy and Nice. This was a revolution that he had initiated. It intended to conquer the larger parts of Europe. This way, the French control would be felt throughout. By 1797, he had passed the Alps and into Vienna. He forced his adversaries to concede resulting to the treaty of campo, Formio. This treaty was to end the initial stage of the French revolution (Johnson 44). France’s antagonism with Britain was very alive and kicking. In light of this, Napoleon, acting on behalf of the French government planned to challenge the Britain’s interest in India. With an army consisting of 35000 troops, Napoleon went in pursuit of the British en route to India. On the way, Malta was not spared from French conquest. In a bid to shut down British trade routes with India, Napoleon conquered Egypt. During that time, Egypt was under ottoman rule. His occupation was present in Alexandria and Cairo. The French influence led to the establishment of various institutions that were dedicated to ancient Egypt’s studies (Johnson 36). As a matter of fact, there are 18 volumes dated 1808-1825 named Description d’Egypt. These were the end results of the Napoleon founded institutions. Horatio Nelson, a British troop commander successfully engaged Napoleon’s army in Egypt. They destroyed Napoleon’s fleet in the battle of the Nile. Napoleon was stranded in Egypt but eventually found his way back to France in 1799. His was a narrow escape from his fierce adversaries. Back in France, the government

Difficulties to Be Prepared for Online Classes Essay

Difficulties to Be Prepared for Online Classes - Essay Example This is especially true for online classes where there isn’t a teacher there to bother you about your assignments every day. No matter what I always do the assignments immediately and allow plenty of time in case I need help. If I have any trouble with my assignments or with the class in general I know I can go to the instructor. I never hesitate to ask my instructor questions when I have problems. If the instructor is unavailable I have classmates I can go to for help as well. It is also important that I buy the instructor recommended books so that I can follow along in class and learn from my experiences. In conclusion, the best things I can do to prepare for class are to take time out of my day to concentrate on my studies, do all of the assignments quickly and thoroughly, and ask for help when I need it. There are many other ways to do well in class and practice good classroom skills, but these are the main ways that I have found work best for me in the past, and will cont inue to use.

Chicano film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chicano film - Essay Example Besides, the film Maria Full of Grace by Joshua Marston, an American film director deals with the cruelties of Columbian mafia. Thesis statement: Evaluation of the films- The Official Story, Like Water for Chocolate and Maria Full of Grace to unearth the socio-political influence on individual freedom. When one consider the purpose of a film, the mindset of the director towards his/her society gains due importance. In the film The Official Story by Luis Puenzo, the aim/purpose of the director is to unveil the crimes committed by despotic military regime in Argentina. Alberto Elana and Maria Diaz Lopez quote Jorge Abel Martin to illustrate the film’s importance as it portrays human life like a huge mirror which is capable to reflect thousands of faces in it (Elana and Lopez 182). The director’s aim is to force the viewers to identify their own emotions with that of the female characters in the film. The return of democratic system in 1983 opened a new phase of freedom to writers and directors in Argentina. The directors began to use cinema as a medium to express their views on the issues when Argentina was under military rule. So, the purpose of this film is to create awareness among mass about the recent history of Argentina. But on the other side, the purpose/ aim of the director of the film Like Water for Chocolate is to attract the attention of the viewers towards the inevitable change in the Mexican society and its attitude towards womenfolk. For instance, the female character Tita de la Garza is forced to stay unmarried due to the tradition of de la Garza family which does not allow the youngest daughter to lead a married life. Instead, Tita is forced to stay at her home and to take care of her family. This inhuman attitude supported by the tradition crush her love affair with Pedro. So, one can easily identify that the purpose of the film Like Water for

Strategic Analysis of E-Sonic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Analysis of E-Sonic - Essay Example It’s success critierion was to be determined from the amount of market share It could extract from its competitor. At the moment, there are two key players who dominate the online music industry. They firms command atleast 85% of the over all market share in downloads. E-Sonic had to target these customers while fetching for new customers to the world of online music. While the idea of targeting a million customers and attracting them to digital music, seems like a far fetched one, the formula for its success is not that complex. All it needs is some simple marketing, sound selection of artists and a nice user friendly web interface that will assist it in establishing its position as the market leader. The paper will conduct a strategy analysis of E-sonic. External Market Analysis: Industry Profile The online music industry is a very competitive one. In the last couple of years it has churned up a huge array of competitors. Some of these include the likes of iTunes, Napster an d AmazonMP3. Their overall revenues in the market exceed 4.2 billion dollars as of 2009. At the moment, the online digital music industry comprises of 400 legal music services that have been engaged in delivery some 260 types of products belonging to different genres such as music, ringtones, audiotracks and video. The competition in the industry is intense and a threat of potential new entrants looms. Their entry is supported by the looming trends in the market. This includes higher consumer purchases of online music, bigger and faster access to the internet round the globe and the increased ability to download and listen to music on-the-go with developments in the mobile industry and mobile connection. The online music market has shown improvement and growth compared to last year. According to statistics published by the Billboard numbers, approximately 1 billion tracks were sold in the United States in 2010. This was only a 0.3% increase from 2009. Similarly, sales of online albu ms has also peaked, increasing to 13%. This is particularly true of the North American region of the industry. E-Sonic:. Opportunities: E-sonic has the opportunity to further develop music player into a more mobile phone friendly format. Something on the lines of Rokr mobile phone device by Motorola should greatly benefit the company. E-sonic can also capitalize on revenues that can be generated from podcasts and radio shows. They can be downloaded from the internet and then played back on iPod. Threats: Competition in this industry is very intense. E-sonic has to work very hard on its marketing and R & D to stay on the top of the rung. Competitor Analysis ITunes is the market leader in this industry despite stiff competition from various online music vendors such as Amazon. It has managed to increase its market share manifold. The music service now churns out around 66.3% of the online music market according to a research. Amazon runs second in the competitor list having a share of 13.3 % as of third quarter of 2010. The competition between Amazon and Apple is intense. In 2010 Apple was seen pressurizing artists in its bid to obstruct Amazon’s music promotions. They warned them of loosing all support from iTunes if they were seen supporting Amazon music. However, it cant be said that Apple’s growth has come at the cost of Amazon. Amazon’s online music share steadily increased to 11% in the first quarter of 2010. Both music stores are marching

Genetically modified organism Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified organism Essay My environmental issue is genetically modified foods. I will explain why the foods should not be modified and the dangers of eating modified foods. Why this issue is important Evidence shows that food that has been genetically modified is a danger to the health of humans. The American Academy of Environmental Medicine says that the public should not eat genetically modified foods because several studies have shown that there are a variety of health problems such as organ damage, reproductive disruption, accelerated aging, immune dysfunction and insulin disorders associated with GM foods. The process of genetically modifying food is done by changing the original DNA by adding other organisms to it, also called GMO which stands for Genetically Modified Organisms. Consumers have been eating foods that contain genetically modified ingredients in them not knowing the risk factors. (Doctors Warn About Dangers of Genetically Modified Foods, by David Gutierrez) The FDA claims to have no knowledge that these foods were any different than naturally grown foods and labeled them as being Generally Recognized as Safe or (GRAS). The law says that a substance has to go through a certain amount of peer-reviewed published studies and has to have a certain amount of consensus among the scientific community that agrees that the product is safe. This allows them to be put on the market without any additional testing. Even though the GRAS labeled them to be safe, there are no proven facts that show that Genetically Modified foods are safe; the information that was given to the FDA was altered to expedite the approval of the products at the expense of the safety of the consumers. There has been no credible study done on genetically modified food safety. Evidence in Support of the Thesis In 1998 there was a lawsuit against the FDA for not listening to the warnings of their own scientists who were telling them that GM foods were not safe. The scientists warned that the GM foods could create unpredictable side effects that were hard to detect such as allergies, nutritional problems, toxins and new diseases and said that long-term studies needed to be done, but was ignored. (FDA ignored own scientists’ warnings about GM foods by Ken Roseboro) Even though it may be true that food crops are bio-engineered to produce their own pesticides and herbicides, these traits transfer to weeds and insect, which means that there effects are not long lasting. GM foods have not yet been proven to be safe. Rebuttal of the Evidence that Contradicts the Thesis Genetically modified foods have the potential to help benefit consumers by improving nutritional qualities in fruits and vegetables. Some of the crops are genetically engineered with herbicide resistant so that when the farmer uses herbicides to kill the weeds it doesn’t hurt the crop, which benefits not only agriculture but also the economics. Losing crops due to insects can be a tremendous loss to farmers. Biotechnology also generates crops with genes that are resistant to long periods of drought and frost. Since there is an increase in population, more land will be needed to grow crop on harsh landscapes. Farmers will need to grow crops in places that will be unsuitable for agriculture. With the world population increasing, it will be a challenge in the years to come to make sure that there is enough food for the growing population. Genetically modified foods will help to produce enough crops in these harsh times. It will help to feed malnutrition in third world countries. There is a widespread of undernourishment in the worlds where people are poor. They depend on one main crop which is rice. Rice by itself doesn’t have enough nutrients that a person need. But rice can be genetically modified to contain extra vitamin and minerals. Biotechnology has allowed people to be able to receive crucial vaccines and medicines which are hard to distribute. With vaccines and medicines being so expensive and the need to be stored a special way, they have come up with a way to put vaccines in food products so that they are easier to administer to people and easily transported. (The Benefits of Genetically Modified Food Crops) Rebuttal of the above claims Although malnutrition is a big problem in the world, according to the United Nations World Food Program, there is enough food being produced to feed the world without GM foods. The reasons that people go hungry are, they don’t have enough money to buy it or don’t have access to growing their own. The UN’s world food body is not in favor of using GM foods because of the effects on health and the environment. The Food and Agriculture Organization says â€Å"although GM crops could help with hunger in the world there are still questions about their implications for animal and human health and the balance of the ecosystems. † (Say No to GMOS) Conclusion Genetically modified foods have some pros and cons as I have showed you, but I am still a believer of the traditional way of growing foods. Since the foods will be labeled, that will give people the choice of rather to eat GM foods or naturally grown foods. that also have pro and cons to them. Reference http://www. naturalnews. com/028245_GM_food_side_effects. html http://www. non-moreport. com/articles/october2011/FDAignoredscientistswarningsGMfoods. php http://www. betterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Genetically_modified_foods http://www. saynotogmos. org/ http://suite101. com/article/the-benefits-of-genetically-modified-food-crops-a218670.

Different Aspects Of Patient Care Nursing Essay

Different Aspects Of Patient Care Nursing Essay To help me reflect upon my practice from my first placement to my second placement, I will use Driscolls model of reflection (Driscolls model 2000). Driscolls model uses three stages to help analyse practice; what happened; providing a description of the event, what have you learned; giving an account of how you felt at the time and what you have learned after revisiting the experience and finally your proposed actions for the future and how you are going to implement what you have learned from reviewing the experience (John Driscoll, 2011). Throughout this assignment I will be discussing different aspects of patient care which have occurred during my time in my first and second placement. To maintain patient confidentiality within my assignment I had to gain consent from patients, making them fully aware of why I needed their consent and how their information would be used, following the NMC code of conduct You must respect peoples right to confidentiality (NMC, 2008). During my assignment I will not be using the patients real names due to confidentiality but, I will be addressing them using Patient A and Patient B. Firstly, I am going to reflect on practice using Driscolls reflective model. The first stage is to describe what happened during my experience. While on my second placement, myself and a nurse had to bed bath patient A in a side room. The patient was in the side room due to having Clostridium Difficile (C-Diff) which was found after sending a loose stool sample. I had already gained consent from patient A for myself and the nurse to give a bed bath in accordance with the NMC code of conduct (NMC, 2008) and following this I went to collect the correct equipment to perform the task. As patient A had Clostridium Difficile they needed to be isolation nursed. We isolate nurse to prevent the risk of spreading germs to other patients and staff (NHS, 2010). Outside of the side room there were red aprons and gloves which needed to be put on before entering. Before entering the side room, it is essential to collect all equipment to avoid leaving the room unnecessarily. You need to put on a pro tective apron and gloves to prevent the risk of contamination to clothes and hands (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). Once in the side room, I explained to patient A what would happen. I encouraged patient A to be as independent as possible; however, patient A could only do little due to reduced mobility. I made sure dignity was maintained at all times by exposing only the part of the body I was cleaning. As patient A was less mobile, patient A couldnt fully assist with rolling; however, with support from myself and the nurse, we could roll patient A enough to clean the back and buttocks. To enable this to happen; I put patient As arms across their chest and gently rolled patient A onto their side, I provided support to patient A while the nurse cleaned and put clean sheets on the bed. During the task I communicated with patient A to ensure they felt comfortable, and to keep patient A informed of what myself and the nurse where doing. Driscolls model now asks me to analyse my feelings and what I have learned. Throughout the experience I felt confident in what I was doing as I had gained previous experience on my first placement; however, when I was on my first placement at a surgical ward I was asked to bed bath a patient with the assistance of a Health care assistant, I felt very anxious as I had never been in direct patient contact before and this was the first time I had been in a care environment. Although I had learned about the requirements of personal qualities and how to promote dignity and autonomy which is needed to assist with personal care in lectures at University, I had never put them into practice until my first placement. During this event I have learned what isolation nursing is and why we need to implement it if a patient has contracted certain infections. At first, I did not feel comfortable with the concept of isolation nursing as I had never come across this type of infection prevention and control procedure before; however, the nurse explained to me the importance of putting on a red apron and gloves before entering the room, and explained to me that I need to dispose of my apron and gloves in an orange clinical waste bag for incineration and to wash my hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the room to remove and spores, and explained that I should not use my alcohol gel in this situation as it is ineffective at eliminating spores. Infection Prevention and control is a term used to protect people from infections. It is used in healthcare to prevent patients acquiring those infections associated with health care and to prevent the transmission of micro-organisms from one patient to another (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). In the future, if I were to isolate nurse a patient, I feel I would be more confident as I now understand the importance of infection prevention and control procedures such as wearing protective clothing to prevent spreading infections and the process of discarding contaminated waste. On evaluation of this experience, I feel that my communication skills on my second placement have improved greatly from my first placement, as I am now feeling more comfortable with communicating with different people to help establish a therapeutic relationship, as this is very important when delivering patient care. I believe I communicated effectively with the patient and a therapeutic relationship was recognised. I will now reflect upon Organisational Aspects of Care. During my first placement on a surgical ward, I had to take many observations including; Respiratory Rate, Oxygen Saturation, Temperature, Blood Pressure and Heart Rate. On the surgical ward, immediately after surgery the above observations needed to be taken every hour. During my second placement, which was on a medical ward, observations are taken every 4 or 8 hours depending on the needs of the patient; however, if the Doctor or Nurse deems the patient to be at risk, the observations are increased. When carrying out all observations, it is vital the patients Early Warning Score chart is available, as this is where all observations are recorded. This assessment tool is divided into sections relating to the types of observation you are taking. Within the sections is a colour code to indicate if the recording is of no, low, mild or high concern. All observations need to be recorded, as anything that is not written down did not happen. When recording in official documents all information needs to be eligible and correct and needs to have the date and time it commenced (NMC, 2008). The first time I had to assist with taking observations, I was very nervous as I had never taken them before and was unsure of how to approach the patient as I had not yet formed a therapeutic relationship with them. I found it difficult to take patients temperature as I was not sure how far into the ear canal I should put the tympanic probe; however, I asked my mentor for advise and she said that what I was doing was correct which gave me more confidence the next time. With regards to the patients Early Warning Score, I always record each result as soon as it has been measured to make sure I do not forget, or mistake it for something else. When recording any result, it is vital to check if the patient has any parameters set, most patients on my second placement had parameters set. Patients would have parameters set if the EWS parameters are not specific enough to the patient. Once all observations have been taken it is essential to note whether the patient has an early warning score or not. If the patient does have an early warning score, it is imperative to tell a staff nurse immediately as this could be a sign of something severe. Measures and documents vital signs and responds appropriately to findings outside the normal range (NMC, 2010) Another observation which I found difficult was respiration rate. I learned at University to be discreet when looking at a patients respiratory rate, as, if the patient knows what you are observing, they are more likely to alter their breathing rate, which gives you a false reading. On my second placement, I feel more confident with taking observations; however, I still struggle with respiration rate. I now know that I can observe the patients breathing while checking their pulse; however, if they start to talk or their chest does not make significant movement I find it takes me a while. When taking observations now, I feel much more confident with the layout of the Early Warning Score Chart and knowing when it is necessary to inform my mentor or staff nurse. Over a period of time, my skills will develop sufficiently, and I will gain more experience helping me to understand what is appropriate for the patient; nevertheless, I feel as a first year student nurse, my skill level when taking observations, recording them and my knowledge of an Early Warning Score assessment tool is what it should be. I will now discuss Nutritional and Fluid Management in accordance to Driscolls reflective model. While on my second placement, a medical ward, I had to care for patients who needed assistance with eating and drinking. During meal times, some patients required assistance with eating and drinking, such as; cutting up their food into reasonable sized pieces which they could independently manage. On one occasion I was asked if I could feed a patient, to which I agreed. I already had my apron on, so I approached patient B to ask if it was OK for me to assist them with their dietary needs, to which they answered it was, I then proceeded to wash my hands to prevent contamination of infections (NMC, 2008), (NICE, 2012). I brought patient Bs dinner straight from serving to ensure it was hot and manoeuvred patient Bs table to a comfortable position for myself to avoid over stretching, and prevent spillage of food, then sat patient B upright in their bed to prevent choking and, made sure they w ere comfortable and presentable before starting to feed to maintain patient dignity and autonomy (NMC, 2012) .Throughout the meal time, I was careful not to rush patient B with their eating, and I encouraged them to drink plenty. I acknowledged when patient B wanted a rest, and when they were full, trying to encourage patient B to eat as much as possible before indicating the need to stop. Patient B had a food and fluid chart as they were at risk of malnutrition. A food chart provides suitable evidence of a persons nutritional intake which acts as a valuable resource for all members of a multi-disciplinary team; dieticians and nurses to assess whether a dietary treatment plan is necessary for the particular patient (Freeman, 2002). It was my role, once patient B had finished their lunch to complete the charts accurately. All through the experience I was very nervous as I had never assisted someone with food and drink, and I had not yet developed a therapeutic relationship with patient B. On my previous placement, a surgical ward, most patients were independent with food and drink so did not require support, or monitoring on a food chart due to the majority of patients having healthy diets, therefore I did not have a great opportunity to learn what they are, or how to fill them in correctly. However, on my second placement I had witnessed a health care assistant filling in a food chart, so I used my initiative to ask what they were and how you fill them in, so I knew what to do if a situation arose where I needed to complete it. As I had never assisted anyone with feeding before, I felt inadequate and uncomfortable in case I put too much or too little onto the cutlery or fed the patient slower or faster than they would usually eat. On reflection of this experience, I feel I communicated well with patient B to ensure I was appropriate with my actions and that I met their nutritional and fluid needs. I believe I completed the food and fluid charts accurately, leaving me feeling confident if a similar situation occurred. If this situation arose again, I now feel confident I know how to approach it, after gaining experience on my second placement with helping patients with food and drink. I now consider myself to have acquired the correct knowledge and skills to not feel inadequate as I previously had, and I now know what to do when assisting with feeds and completing the required charts, giving me more self-assurance when I approach patients. I will now reflect upon the skills cluster; medicines management comparing my first placement and my second placement as a first year student nurse. Throughout my two placements subcutaneous injections were commonly used. The injection I will be talking about is Tinzaparin because it was used on both the surgical and medical ward. Tinzaparin is a low molecular weight heparin and is used for the treatment and prevention of blood clots (British National Formulary, 2011). During my first placement; a surgical ward, Tinzaparin was frequently used and I had previously observed my mentor administering the injection. After observing my mentor, she asked if I would like to administer the injection, to which I agreed. I had never given an injection; only to a model when learning the technique in University, so I felt very apprehensive. Before giving the injection I would gain consent from the patient, explaining what I would be doing and where on their body I would be administering the injection as there are various places subcutaneous injections can be given. I would ensure I would not be giving the injection into the same sight as the previous day as this can affect absorption rate (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). The patient gave me full consent to give the injection into their abdomen so I would continue to prepare. Prior to giving the subcutaneous injection, I checked it was the correct; drug, dose, patient, route, date and time and if it was signed by a doctor. If this was all correct, I would proceed to cleanse my hands to prevent contamination of medication. To administer the injection I would gently pinch the skin to lift the adipose tissue away from the muscle, removing the needle sheath and inserting the needle into the skin on a 45ÃÅ'Ã…   angle then releasing the skin. I would withdraw the needle quickly and apply pressure with a cotton wool ball (Dougherty and Lister, 2011). After giving the injection I would make sure all sharps were disposed of correctly and all documentation was completed and countersigned by my mentor. When on my second placement administration of subcutaneous injections was common on the evening medication rounds. I now feel less apprehensive about giving a subcutaneous injection as I have had practice and my professional skills have developed; however, I feel I need to increase my confidence, which will happen after I have given more injections. This is my first time in a health care environment; I had never observed anyone giving injections before my first placement. I found giving an injection daunting, especially if the patient was underweight; however, my mentor on my first placement said my technique was OK which calmed me down and gave me more self-esteem. I am definitely happier with the technique of administering a subcutaneous injection and I no longer feel as hesitant as I did on my first placement. On evaluation of medicines management, if I were to give a subcutaneous injection again I would feel less anxious as I now have practice and all relevant paper work completed to say I am competent. Even though the practice in placement has developed my skills greatly, I do not feel confident giving a subcutaneous injection to an underweight patient. I would communicate more with the patient, putting them at ease with my ability to administer the injection and I will continue to use the correct technique shown to me in University. After reflecting on my practice from placement one and two of my first year as a student nurse, I now know what I need to do to develop my skills throughout my second year as a student nurse. To show my development I will keep an up to date portfolio of my achievements to provide evidence of meeting the required competencies. To develop my skills as a second year nurse, I will continue to work closely with my practice mentors and academic mentors, seeking help and advice when needed to ensure I am professional and knowledgeable in my career. I will gain more experience as a second year, participating in different aspects of a nurses role to help further my development as a nurse. At all times I will work within my limitations as a student nurse and I will abide by University and work protocols to maintain a safe environment for myself, colleagues and patients. I aspire to nurse patients in a holistic manner, having a greater input into decisions about patient care, putting into practice all what I have learned by implementing the essential skills clusters. I will continue to treat all patients as individuals, maintaining their confidentiality and building therapeutic relationships to ensure I am promoting their health needs.

Back Pain Causes And Effects Health And Social Care Essay

Back Pain Causes And Effects Health And Social Care Essay Back pain is considered to be the most common reasons for physician visits; it is the largest cause of work-related absence. Back pain is known as Lumbago and can be defined as mild to severe pain or discomfort in the area of the lower back. The pain can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic if it has lasted more than three months. Strains or sprains of the muscles and ligaments of the back are the most common cause of acute back pain. Injuries, degenerative diseases and Functional back pain due to imbalance are other reasons of back pain. First of all, according to (Chambers R., 2007, p.41) Most of the back strains and sprains occur after a sudden movement associated with bending or twisting, and lifting heavy objects. Therefore, jobs involving lifting, carrying ,pushing, pulling, lowering and holding moving objects have a high risk of getting back pain. For instance, children with their school books or postmen who carry weight on one side may develop great back pain. P.Fysh (1995), citied in his study Back Pain in School Children that in (1994) a Scandinavian study, by Trousler identified the prevalence of back pain in a group of 1,174 school children at 51 percent was due to backpacks. This study also found significance in the risk factors like age and genders those children. Furthermore, back pain that results from job nature is highly reported among workers who have to left a weighty objects. According to Kincla Davis (2009) Carpenters and other construction workers who install drywall have high rates of strains and sprains to the low back and shoulder(p.305). Moreover, muscle strain can occur in the back just like anywhere else in the body, and most likely to affect people in their forties, although it can happen at any age. Straining the back muscles is characterized by sever pain and inability to move. Since strain has several impacts on the body, it can cause the muscles to overstretch or move in such a way that they sustain terrible tears. Also it might lead the tendons and the ligaments that attached the muscles to loss its elasticity, by pulling too far on a muscle, and the area around it can become inflamed which leads to muscle pain. The second major cause of back pain is pregnancy. Usually back pain and pregnancy together. Unfortunately this type of back pain last for several weeks to few months with pregnant women. Its reasons can vary. It can be due to body changes for example, hormonal changes, or it might be due to extra weight the women may gain during the pregnancy period. The body hormones in the pregnant woman tend to relax the ligaments and the muscles that attached to pelvic, to allow fetus and uterus growing may cause many changes in the body and back pain can be a side-effect of these changes. Also A difference in hormone levels can cause muscles and ligaments to become more relaxed, especially during the last few months as the body is getting ready for labour from (Back Pain and Pregnancy, 1999., para, no). Additional to that , the effect of the extra weight and body posture adds extra strain on the pregnant women by pulling the muscles. This means if the pregnant women is holding twins it is definitely the attraction on muscles will be great. Silva A.(2004) loudly echoed that : The weight of the baby can result in a higher degree of curvature of the lower spine, meaning ligaments and muscles must adapt and sometimes can feel strained. The centre of gravity will be slowly changing also, keeping a firm base with feet shoulder width apart will help to counteract this ( p.34-5). and pregnancy period may develop what know as Pregnancy-Related low Back Pain (PLBP), this type of Back Pain often lead to other problems with Significant physical, psychological, and socioeconomic implications, according to Silva(2004, p.39). In addition to that the sleep habit disturbances often associate with such pain. Beside all these effects, fear of abortion always is a pregnant women concern; related to long courses pain killer medicine is used and prescribed or worries of havening child with congenital problems. However pregnancy back pain can be minimized and avoided, standing up straight and straight the muscle by exercise such as swimming are good example of minimizing the back pain. Although, the primary prevention is by not sitting in one position for long time, but massage therapy would be the best technique to use as it is emphasized by Silva Therapeutic massage for low back massage is thought to provide low back pain relief by improving blood flow, reducing muscle stiffness, increasing range of motion, and raising endorphin levels in the body (2004, p.51). The third major cause of back pain is related to the degenerative disk diseases in the back; as part of the natural process of growing older. In fact, it is not an actual disease thus it affect an elderly and retired people. It starts with the disk (shock absorber) that consists of the jelly and lays between the vertebras in the back bone. Over the time this disk slips out and leads the jelly inside the disk to leaks and loses its ability to absorb shocks. Pressing on the nerve and leading into sever pain that may radiate to hip and legs are the majors consequences of disk prolapsed. This problem is widely spread among young men who performer a heavy work, but it is still consider to be ageing process disease. R. Windsor (2008) stressed on this point when he stated in his article that Low Back Pain secondary to degenerative disk disease is a condition that affects young to middle-aged persons with peak incidence at approximately 40 years also he pointed that the prevalence of disk de generation increases with age. Moreover, depression, isolation and restriction in activities are effects of degenerative Disk disease. It is well documented that physical pain can lead to feelings of depression, but a new study from the University of Alberta shows the reverse can be true, as well. When Dr. Linda Carroll, a professor in a Department of Public Health Sciences, led the study that shows Depression is a risk factor for onset of severe neck and low back pain(2003, p.3). The study is published in the Journal Pain. Besides this, people who suffers from pack pain may tend to be isolated from others due to fear of further injury and frustration regarding their condition . This mental status can also indirectly damage the back. Mental stress, dissatisfaction at work, depression and distress can all play a role in back pain. These factors may re-enforce relatively minor pain signals resulting in a much more present pain sensation(Carroll L. 2003, p.5). So, there is a strong connection between stress and back pain, when the tension created by emotional stress can give you a back pain. Also Stress causes the muscles to tighten up. The muscles may tense up so much and they go into painful spasms. Then it followed by reduce blood flow to the tissues and finally the back is less capable of tolerating even mild workload. However, this type of back pain can be also avoided by controlling and reducing the amount of exposure to tensions and stressful life situations. Yoga is a very popular form of relaxation therapy that increases muscle strength as it calms and works out stress. In addition to that exercise is important to reducing stress, by doing early morning walk and implemented as a weekly routine in the person life. Lastly, there are almost as many ways to prevent back pain as there are bad behaviors that cause it. Socioeconomic is another side effect of degenerative or disk diseases. People who suffers back pain have to pay a lot of medical expanses that includes physician fees which is typically high, medication cost and physiotherapy. Eventually this treatment costs are often difficult to be afforded by them. Additional to this, back pain lead to work absenteeism, statistic shown by (Parthan A. 2005, p.14) estimated the annual loss in productivity due to back pain in the United States to be approximately $28 billion. The loss in productivity is primarily due to absenteeism from work. Despite previously discussed causes of back pain, there are still many reasons need to be reviewed like, injury where all the types injures results several back problems, started with strains and end with back bone fracture and never damages. ( Windsor, 2008) has written It is commonly acknowledged that back injury is the most serious health problem experienced by most of the worlds workforce. However, Injury results from fall, road traffic accidents, and sports injury. or even arise from direct blunt impact Objects. Any injury to the back can cause damages to surrounded soft tissue of the spine, bruised and inflamed. And also, some time damages exceed the tissue to reach the bony and nerve structure. Later on the spine becomes stiffer. These injuries may varies can be range from mild, moderate to sever. A good example of midland moderate back pain injury is strain, very treatable in its tow forms. But sever injury may lead to paralyses or even death at the injury onset. To sum up, aside from the usual side effects of back pain, like the disturbance of your sleeping habits and the difficulty in sitting still during extended periods of time, the real concern should be addressed to the causes for back pain. Unfortunately since back muscles are the hardest working muscle group in the body, back pains are a frequent occurrence which indirectly effects it being the hardest to identify condition. It is a good investment to learn all about back pain, the causes and the side effects of back pain, and how it is prevented or if the condition is occurring, how best to relieve the effect.

Sentential Falsehood Logic FL4 :: Philosophy Philosophical Logical Papers

Sentential Falsehood Logic FL4 ABSTRACT: In some philosophical conceptions, statements are valued as true, false, senseless (neither true nor false), or inconsistent. Falsehood logic FL4 makes it possible to operate correctly by such statements. Logic with falsehood operator FL4 is formulated. For FL4 metatheorems of consistency, deduction and completeness are fulfilled. Correlation between falsehood logic FL4 and four-valued Belnap’s logic and von Wright’s truth logic T"LM is considered. In FL4, the implication for Belnap’s logic is defined so that the truth-valued matrix of it is characterized for logic of tautological consequences Efde. Correlation between three-valued falsehood sublogic FL3N of FL4 and three-valued Kleene’s logic and Lukasiewicz’s logic is considered. Lukasiewicz’s three-valued logic is functionally equivalent to FL3N logic. Correlation between three-valued falsehood sublogic FL3B of FL4 and three-valued paraconsistent Priest’s logic is also con sidered. The construction of falsehood logic FL4 (1) and its analysis answer the question about the use of truth and falsehood notions. In some philosophical conceptions statements are valued as true, false, senseless (neither true nor false), inconsistent. Falsehood logic FL4 makes it possible to operate correctly by such statements. The main principles of falsehood logic FL4 are as follows: 1. The notion of falsehood will be considered as applied only to sentences of the following form: "Sentence 'S' is false" (in symbols: '(- S)' ). The proposition '(- S)' is a proposition about falsehood of the sentence 'S' and it is a proposition in a metalanguage related to the language in which a sentence 'S' is formulated. The set of propositions of language, metalanguage, metametalanguage and so on is considered as a whole. And one can operate with these propositions (viz. 'S', '(- S)', '(- S(- S))', ...) simultaneously in the language of FL4. 2. We shall consider the notion of falsehood as a primitive one which will be used as a logical operator in this formal system. 3. The sentence '(- S)' is always either true or false, while the sentence 'S' may have other truth-values than true or false. In other words, the laws of classical logic are valid for sentence '(- S)', but need not to be valid for sentence 'S'. 4. Sentences with the implication will be evaluated in standard way. Let '(S1 Â ® S2) ' stands for 'S1 implies S2'. '(S1 Â ® S2)' is true iff 'S1' is false or 'S2' is true. '(S1 Â ® S2)' is false iff 'S1' is true and 'S2' is false.

Technology For Special Needs Children Essay -- Education

Computers and educational technology can be powerful tools for assisting children with special needs and disabilities. Computers can help children with attention deficit disorders focus more effectively on their learning tasks and can also assist autistic children by improving their communications and interactions with peers as they use computers together. This topic became very important to me when my cousin was born deaf. He is only three now but the assistive technology that awaits him during his educational career are very promising. Assistive technology includes adaptive tools that help students with disabilities to learn and perform tasks better in their daily life (Kauchak, Eggen, Carter, page 390). Adaptations to computers can assist children who have severe physical impairments or those who cannot interact with a standard computer unless certain adaptations have been made. Adaptations to computer input devices include hardware options like voice-controlled devices, trackballs, touch screens and adapted keyboards can assist children with special physical needs and make computers and technology more accessible to them. Blind or visually impaired children can use voice activated machines or special Braille keyboards to input information into computers. There are computers and special equipment designed to assist deaf learners as well; captioned video with subtitles helps deaf children follow along with the rest of the class while watching educational videos, and when teachers incorporate hypermedia presentations into their lessons like Powerpoint, deaf children can read along or review the material at another time if needed. Adaptations for output devices include computers that can translate speech into text s... ...eachers who have access to computer hardware consultants as well as software experts who can assist them with meeting the needs of children with special situations can help their students adapt to a normal classroom environment. These technologies are so important because they prevent a child's disability from becoming and obstacle to learning to their education. REFERENCES Kauchak, Donald; Eggen, Paul; Carter, Candace (2002) Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Henniger, Michael L. (1999) Teaching Young Children, An Introduction. Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Alaska State School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Anchorage School District Web Site: www.asdk12.org/parents/choices/sped7.asp

Character Sketch on Jack Merridew from Lord of the Flies :: essays research papers

Jack first appears in Chapter 1 on page 15 after Ralph had blown the conch. He appears at first to be a terrifying and haunting figure in the way he dresses, a long sweeping black cloak, from a distance looking like a fictional character. Jack is introduced as darkness and shadow, â€Å"Within the diamond haze of the beach something dark was fumbling along... the creature stepped from mirage on to clear sand, and then they saw that the darkness was not all shadow but mostly clothing.† The image Ralph sees is actually Jack and his choir boys. When they are first introduced, â€Å"the heat of the tropics, the descent, the search for food, and now this sweaty march along the blazing beach had given them the complexions of newly washed plums.† Jack wore â€Å"a long black cloak which bore a long silver cross on the left breast and each neck was finished off with hambone frill.† Each choir boy also wore a square black cap with a silver badge on it but Jack’s badge was golden. Jack is â€Å"tall, thin, and bony: his hair was red beneath the black cap. His face was...freckled, and ugly without silliness... .â€Å" His eyes were bright blue and were ready turned to anger if necessary. He held himself upright and moved athletically and with authority. The first thing Jack says when he meets up with Ralph, Piggy and the other crowd of boys is, â€Å"Where’s the man with the trumpet?† The way in which he says this shows his contempt for the other children on the island. At this point he only cares about himself, his own reactions to changes and his own feelings. This is visible through his none existent interest towards the boys. He disagrees with some of what is said, â€Å"This was the voice of one who knew his own mind.† He has a disdainful attitude towards the other boys including the choir but shows a grudging respect and a shy liking for Ralph once Ralph is elected as leader and offers him continued control of the choir to be given which ever job Jack chooses. At first Jack doesn’t seem satisfied that there isn’t a man and wonders why Ralph has summoned everyone if there is no ship. He is put out because he isn’t chief. He believes that Ralph isn’t able to control the boys and thinks that he has his priorities all wrong- Ralph should be ordering people to go out hunting instead of building huts and keeping fires going.

How Are Othello and Blanche Dubois Alienated in Their Societies? Essay

‘Compare the ways in which alienation of individuals from their societies is presented in the two texts you have studied.’ George Bernard Shaw once said that ‘conflict is the essence of drama’, and if that is true, then the plays Othello and A Streetcar Named Desire would thus be rife with drama, as conflict in inexorably presented by the two respective playwrights, Shakespeare and Williams, through the alienation of individuals from their societies. This creates constant conflict and friction within the plays as the relentless efforts of their ‘outsiders’ is constantly pushed back by an even greater force that rejects them from being a part of society. In each of these plays, there are common literary devices that each playwright uses to bring about this alienation, with the most obvious of them being the juxtaposition of the characters to other characters and to their ‘newfound’ homelands, as well as the imagery and words that the other characters use against them or to describe them (with diction and its various forms also being an overarching factor that achieve s this effect of alienation). In the very first scene of the play, Iago already plays on Othello’s ‘otherness’ towards Brabantio, purposefully making jabs at Othello’s race, giving him a reason to disapprove of his daughter’s new marriage by painting a vile picture of what Othello will do to his daughter in ‘you’ll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse’. The bestial imagery invoked by Iago is only further propagated throughout the play in which he constantly uses Othello’s skin-colour to give others a reason to distrust him. The most obvious way in which the alienation of individuals is presented in the two plays are the juxtaposition of the ‘outsider’ to their new surroundings, namely Othello the Moor from Othello and Blanche Dubois from Streetcar. For Othello, the Moor general is considered an outsider to everyone in Venice, where the play is set, simply because he is of African descent whereas everyone else is a fair-skinned Venetian. Thus, every single character that he interacts with paints an almost immediate contrast as he does not share the same heritage as them. The most crucial contrasts that are portrayed through Othello are that between his wife, Desdemona and his counterpart and adversary, Iago. Similarly, in Streetcar, the alienation of Blanche Dubois, an ‘upper-class’ woman who comes from a wealthy background (Belle Reve) is presented through her sister Stella, and brother-in-law Stanley Kowalski as they are unable to accept the changes that comes with her moving into their lives. Stanley, whom Blanche considers to be a Polish immigrant (derogatively referring to him as a ‘Polack’) has already established an extremely comfortable lifestyle with his wife and the introduction of Blanche threatens all of this, and so he ultimately decides to eliminate her from the picture. This is presented in the contrast between these two polar opposites. Where Stanley is proud to be in his own skin and confident of his physical attractiveness, ‘My clothes’re stickin’ to me. Do you mind if I make myself more comfortable?’, Blanche is shown to always be covered up and shielded from natural light, as she is afraid that the people and compan y in her life (what she needs the most) will resent her when they see her real and natural looks. The extent to their differences run further than that though, as Stanley (along with the other characters who lives in the French Quarter) is used to being outspoken and blunt, speaking his mind towards whatever he sees fit, whereas Blanche is constantly hiding behind lies and falsifications, and it is fundamentally, in these conflicts of interests and behaviors that society as a whole is generally unable to accept Blanche into their lives, because she is so different from them and is unable to adapt wholly to them. As an offspring from the characters being unable to accept these individuals into their respective societies, it can be seen that the setting itself is another dramatic device in which the playwrights use to highlight the alienation of an individual from its society. In Othello, Shakespeare uses the setting of Venice in Act 1 and then later on, Cyprus in the rest of the play to again, show how Othello (at the time of the play) would never be accepted into such cultures. Firstly in Venice, there is an inherent xenophobia within the society that is unable to accept Othello into their personal lives, thus showing that Othello’s value in society is nothing more than a tool, and that the respect that he is accorded with is only due to his contributions to the state, without which he is nothing. This can be seen from the treatment he receives from others, most notably the First Senator and the Duke in ‘Here comes Othello and the valiant Moor’Â  and ‘Valiant Othel lo, we must straight employ you’ respectively. Even though the noblemen speak to him with respect and dignity, it is shown that they treat his ‘otherness’ as an intrinsic part of his character that they cannot refrain from addressing him with, therefore showing that Othello had always been considered an outsider that only has a place in the Venetian society as someone who can offer service. In Act 2 onwards, the introduction of a new setting Cyprus shows Othello’s further alienation from his society. Ironically, Cyprus is a somewhat more ‘hostile’ environment in which most of his travelling companions are unused to feel uncomfortable in as it is much more ‘rough’ than genial Venice. It is in Cyprus which Othello feels more at home at, unleashing his innate behavior such as the rage he unleashes in Act 3 and the violence he commits onto Desdemona in Act 4, showing the contrast that he is much more comfortable in this ‘foreign environment’ than the rest of his Venetians. Thus, the dramatic setting is another device that Shakespeare uses to present the alienation of the individual Othello from the rest of his society. Again, this is true for A Streetcar Named Desire as the main setting, ‘Elysian Fields’ is basically a cramped apartment that Blanche is completely unable to adapt to, given her background living in a huge plantation in the Southwest for most of her life. In Elysian Fields, Blanche is not only forced into a small two-room compound shared with what she feels are ‘foreigners’ above her but also, to share it with the very person she is most uncomfortable with, Stanley, and it is her constant efforts to change this environment to better suit her that so enrages Stanley in the first place, as it threatens his very way of life. In the very introduction of Blanche in scene 1, ‘[She touches her forehead shakily.] Stella, there’s – only two rooms?’ she already expresses her disappointment and disdain in putting up in such an environment, and thus it shows that from the start, Williams had already shown that Elysian Fields is a place that Bla nche definitely does not belong in. Furthermore, Blanche constantly revels (or shows off) to the other characters about her old home in Belle Reve, which literally means ‘beautiful dream’, juxtaposes heavily with the cramped and obviously uncomfortable Elysian Fields in which she currently resides in, and this inability to let go of the past thus shows that Blanche will never be able to fit into society, which is what Stanley will inevitably drive her out from. Therefore, the use of dramatic setting is also used in Streetcar to alienate Blanche from the society.